scholarly journals Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoids, Metal Content and Proximate Potential of Solanum xanthocarpum L. (Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosheen Azhar ◽  
Muhammad Qayyum Khan ◽  
Asia Bibi ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Sadia Mumtaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Solanum Xanthocarpum

AbstractThe current research work is focused on screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, metal estimation and proximate potential of four parts (fruits, leaves, stem bark and root bark) of S. xanthocarpum. Antimicrobial potential of dried crude extracts of S. xanthocarpum were evaluated against two gram positive bacteria (S. aureus, P. vulgaris), three gram negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, E. coli), three fungi (A. flavus, F. solani, stolonifer) and two yeasts (S. cerevisiae, C. albicans) by using disc diffusion assay. Five organic solvents ranging from non-polar to highly polar were used for extraction of active metabolites. Amongst all the parts of S. xanthocarpum tested, antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of fruits (14.67±0.33) against P. aeruginosa, ethanolic extract of leaves against P. vulgaris (14±0.58), stem bark methanolic extract against S. aureus (13±0.58) and stem bark methanolic extract against P. vulgaris (17.67±0.33) were found to be more significant. All other extracts also showed promising antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens. Among fungal pathogens, R. stolonifer and S. cerevisiae were found to be more sensitive to extracts of S. xanthocarpum. Gram negative bacteria exhibited more resistance than gram positive bacteria. However, fungi were found to be more resistant than bacteria. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity. However, methanol extract of stem bark of S. xanthocarpum with IC50 value of 0.323102 mg mL−1 showed maximum antioxidant potential. Total phenolic contents ranged from 12.3541±1.73 to 23.2942±1.33 Pmol GA/ug. However, highest flavonoid content was found in the stem bark extract (17.8480±1.75 ugRutin/ug) and lowest in leaves extract of S. xanthocarpum (2.4806±0.59 ugRutin/ug). Total metal contamination in four parts of Solanum xanthocarpum (fruits, leaves, stem bark and root bark) was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and results showed Cadmium contamination in its stem bark and root bark, Chromium contamination in leaves, stem bark and root bark, Copper and Magnesium contamination in all parts of S. xanthocarpum and Maganese contamination in leaves critically above the standard permissible limits. The proximate analysis of the Solanum xanthocarpum revealed that stem bark is a poor source of lipid (3.42%) and high carbohydrate (50.07%) and ash (16.50%) contents. Whereas, root bark has highest wet moisture content (65%), dry moisture content (20%) and lowest fiber (13%). Highest energy (285.455%), protein (8.32%), fat (9.79%) and lowest amount of ash (13%) was found in fruits. This composition shows that the Solanum xanthocarpum could be considered as a good source of carbohydrate, moisture and energy. These results revealed that over all, methanolic extract of the S. xanthocarpum is richest in phenolic, flavonoid and nutritional contents as well as most potent against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Therefore, further investigation is recommended to isolate, screen and characterize their active metabolites.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia antiquorum latex

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
A.A.J.P. Kumara ◽  
D. L. Jayratne ◽  
G. V. Samaranayake
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Euphorbia antiquorum is a large shrub or small tree belonging to the largest and the most diverse family in the plant kingdom, Euphorbiaceae. E. antiquram latex was used as a classical binding agent for the kshara sutra in the management of the anal fistula. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of latex of E. antiquorum on certain microbes. The methanolic extract of the latex was prepared. The fractions of methanol extract were tested for their antibacterial activity against the Gram positive bacteria, Streptococus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. The results revealed that the latex showed minimum inhibition only to E. coli and S. aureus. Latex did not posses antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae and P. aeruginosa. The results suggest that the E. antiquorum latex extract account for the antibacterial properties and has a potential for use as an antimicrobial agent.

Antimicrobial activity of Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanol extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eti Nurwening Sholikhah ◽  
Maulina Diah ◽  
Mustofa ◽  
Masriani ◽  
Susi Iravati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Pycnarrhena cauliflora (Miers.) Diels., local name sengkubak, is one of indigenous plants from West Kalimantan that has been used as natural flavor. Pycnorrhena cauliflora is one of species of Menispermaceae family which is rich in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. This alkaloids are known to have various biological activities including antiprotozoal, antiplasmodial, antifungal and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial activity of  the P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. methanolic extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic extract of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels., root, leaf and stem were prepared by maceration. The disk-diffusion method was then used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. mutants, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli after 18-24 h incubation at 37 oC. Amoxicillin was used as positive control for gram-positive bacteria and ciprofloxacin was used as gram-negative bacteria. The inhibition zones were then measured in mm. Analysis were conducted in duplicates. The results showed in general the methanolic extracts of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. root (inhibition zone diameter= 10-23 mm) were more active than that leaf (0-15 mm) and stem (0-17 mm) extracts against gram-positive bacteria. The zone inhibition diameter of amoxicillin as positive control was 8-42 mm. In addition, the methanolic extracts of P. cauliflora (Miers.) Diels. root (12-17 mm) were also more active than that leaf (0-12 mm) and stem (0-12 mm) extracts against gram-negative bacteria. The zone inhibition diameter of ciprofloxacin as positive control was 33-36 mm. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of P. caulifloria (Miers.) Diels. root is the most extract active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Further study will be focused to isolate active compounds in the methanolic extract of the root.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity in vitro of Sapranthus microcarpus (Annonaceae) against phytopathogens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván De-la-Cruz-Chacón ◽  
Nora Yazmin López-Fernández ◽  
Christian Anabí Riley-Saldaña ◽  
Marisol Castro Moreno ◽  
Alma Rosa González-Esquinca
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Alkaloid Extracts

Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops.Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle.Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the most sensitive phytopathogens. Liriodenine was active against all the plant pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125-500 nmol ml-1).Conclusions: Sapranthus microcarpus is a native natural resource with great phytochemical potential.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Penghambatan Xantin Oksidase Kulit Batang Songi (Dillenia serrata Thunb.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Carla Wulandari Sabandar ◽  
Juriyati Jalil ◽  
Norizan Ahmat ◽  
Nor-Ashila Aladdin ◽  
Harni Sartika Kamaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Organic Fractions

Songi (Dillenia serrata) is a tree endemic to Southeast Sulawesi and its stem bark been used in folk medicine. Nonetheless, only a handful scientific knowledge regarding chemistry and biological activities has been investigated on the plant. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of the stem bark of the plant. Methanol extract and organic fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the dried powdered stem bark of songi were evaluated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH, FRAP, and XO in vitro assays. Flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins present in the extract. TPC and TFC in extract were 59.2 mg GAE/g and 23.4 mg QE/g. The contents in organic fractions were in solvent-dependent manner (methanol>ethyl acetate>petroleum ether). Extract and fractions scavenged DPPH radicals (48.2–59.7%) at 100 μg/mL compared to ascorbic acid, trolox, and gallic acid (90.3–93.8%). FRAP values varied from 0.8–3.4 μg/μg equivalent trolox amount (quercetin and gallic acid were 25.7 dan 32.4 μg/μg, respectively). They also inhibited xanthine oxidase (15.3–50.3%) at 100 μg/mL (allopurinol, 98.2%). The study concluded the potential of methanol extract and organic fraction of the stem bark of songi, thus highlighted the prospect of songi to be used in herbal and drugs development from nature.

scholarly journals Effect of methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale stem bark on agonist-induced contraction in rat uterine muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
B. O. Omolaso
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Uterine Muscle ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
The Right

Anacardium occidentale (Ao) is widely used in ethnomedicine and the effect on contractility of the gut and heart muscles of laboratory rodents have been established however, its effect on the contractility of uterine muscle has been rarely researched. The present study investigated the effect of stem bark methanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (AoME) on Isolated Rat Uterus Strips (IRUS). The Anacardium occidentale methanol extract (AoME) was obtained by solvent extraction. The IRUS were suspended in a bath containing 15 ml of De Jalon's solution through a silk connected to a force transducer. A tension of 1.0 g was applied. The strips were allowed to equilibrate for a period of 60–90 min before the commencement of the experiment. The extract (0.025- 0.3mg/ml) added cumulatively did not modify the normal tonus in most of the IRUS used except in one where it feebly contracted it. However, the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine (10-9 -10-5 M) and oxytocin (10-9 -10-5 M) on the IRUS were almost completely blocked by pre-incubated AoME at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale shifted the log concentration curve of both agonists to the right. The present results report the antagonistic effects of stem bark methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale on oxytocin and acetylcholine-induced contraction in rat uterus strips. Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Oxytocin, Acetylcholine, Uterus, Smooth muscle

scholarly journals Brine Shrimp Cytotoxic and Lemna minor Phytotoxic Evaluations of the Methanol Extracts of the Leaves, Stem and Root Barks of Sacrocephalus latifolius

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
E. O. Ikpefan
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Powder Samples

This work was aimed at evaluating the probable toxicity of the methanol extract of the leaf, stem bark and root of Sacrocephalus latifolius on Artemia nauplii and fronds of Lemna minor. The powder samples of the three morphological parts were independently extracted with soxhlet extractor apparatus using 95% methanol and were dried with aid of ritory evaporator at 40ºC. The extracts were subjected to biological activities involving brine shrimp cytotoxicity and Lemna minor test for phytotoxicity at 10-100 μg /mL respectively. The experiment was done in replicates of three. Concentration-dependent cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities were recorded for the extracts. The results revealed that extract of the leaves demonstrated significant cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities over the other parts of the plant. At 10μg/mL, the three extracts recorded little or no cytotoxic activity. However, at the maximum concentration of 1000 μg /mL, cytotoxicities of 66.67 and 3.33% were recorded for extracts of the leaf and root bark respectively, while the extract of the stem bark showed no activity. However, the LC50 of the leaf was 467.74μg /mL, and that of the other extracts were observed to be ˃1000μg /mL. The results for phytotoxicity followed a similar trend with the extracts of the leaf and root bark recording 52.96 and 23.33 % phytotoxicities respectively at 1000 μg /mL. Having shown a higher activity over the other extracts, the leaf extract of S. latifolius could serves as a natural alternative pesticide and weedicide. Keywords: Sacrocephalus latifolius, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, fronds, Artemia nauplii, Lemna minor

Anti-plasmodial Effects of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides

Planta Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (13) ◽  
pp. 1073-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dean Goodman ◽  
An Thuy Hoang ◽  
Drissa Diallo ◽  
Karl Egil Malterud ◽  
Geoffrey I. McFadden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Zanthoxylum Zanthoxyloides ◽  
Parasitic Activity ◽  
Resistant Strains

Abstract Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, syn. Fagara zanthoxyloides, is a tree growing in West Africa and is used in traditional medicine against a variety of diseases, including malaria. In the work reported here, root bark and stem bark extracts of this tree, as well as compounds isolated from the extracts, have been investigated for activity in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, toxicity against nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia salina has been studied. Dichloromethane extracts of the root bark and stem bark, and a methanol extract of the stem bark, showed anti-parasitic activity towards chloroquine-sensitive as well as chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum, with IC50 values between 1 and 10 µg/mL. Among the isolated compounds, bis-dihydrochelerythrinyl ether, buesgenine, chelerythrine, γ-fagarine, skimmianine, and pellitorine were the most active, with IC50 values of less than 5 µg/mL. The dichloromethane extracts were toxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of less than 1 µg/mL. Methanol extracts were much less toxic (LC50 between 50 and 100 µg/mL). Among the isolated substances, bis-dihydrochelethrinyl ether was the most toxic (LC50 ca. 2 µg/mL).

scholarly journals Preliminary Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Investigation of Anthocaphalus chinensis

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hossain ◽  
M. Z. Sultan ◽  
A. M. S. Chowdhury ◽  
C. M. Hasan ◽  
M. A. Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Microbiological Investigation ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The methanol extract of the stem bark of Anthocephalus chinensis as well as its n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay and microbiological investigation. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the aqueous soluble partitionate of the methanolic extract revealed the highest cytotoxicity having LC50 of 1.19 mg/ml while in case of antimicrobial screening, the chloroform soluble materials demonstrated moderate inhibition of growth of test organisms. Keywords: Anthocephalus chinensis; Rubiaceae; Cytotoxicity; Antimicrobial. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7529               J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 689-692 (2011)

Three New Abietane-Type Diterpenoids from Plectranthus africanus and Their Antibacterial Activities

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (01) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raïssa Nzogong ◽  
Blaise Nganou ◽  
Alex Tedonkeu ◽  
Maurice Awouafack ◽  
Mathieu Tene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

AbstractThree new abietane-type diterpenoids, plectranthroyleanones A – C (1 – 3), together with five known compounds (4 – 8) were isolated from the methanol extract of the whole plant of Plectranthus africanus using column chromatography techniques. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS analyses. Compound 1 exhibited weak activities with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 75 µg/mL against gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and 150 µg/mL against two gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, while 2 and 3 had moderate antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae with a minimal inhibitory concentration value of 37.5 µg/mL.

scholarly journals Screening of antimicrobial potential of methanolic, acetone and quencher extracts from Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. and Cladonia pocillum Ach.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essghaier Badiaa ◽  
Mendili Mohamed ◽  
Khadri Ayda
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Lysozyme Activity ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

This study compared the efficacy of two species of lichen located in Tunisia belonging to <i>Cladonia rangiformis</i> and <i>Cladonia pocillum</i> species. The antibacterial and antifungal potentials of methanol, acetone and quencher extracts of <i>C. rangiformis</i> and <i>C. pocillum</i> and the lysozyme activity of both methanol extracts were investigated. The results showed that the examined extracts had antimicrobial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and anti-Candida properties and that they also limited the spore germination of Penicillium and Aspergillus. Further results showed that the largest diameter of the inhibition zone was obtained by the methanolic extract of <i>C. pocillum</i> with 31 mm and 27.5 mm against <i>E. cloacae</i> and <i>E. coli</i>, respectively. MIC values of bactericidal and fungicidal activities of both Cladonia extracts ranged from 0.25 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL. <i>C. pocillum</i> possess superior lysozyme activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, the methanol extract of both Cladonia showed a remarkable destructive effect on the morphology of fungal hyphae.

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