ZmCLA4 regulates leaf angle through multiple plant hormone-mediated signal pathways in maize

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Dou ◽  
Shengbo Han ◽  
Lixia Ku ◽  
Huafeng Liu ◽  
Huihui Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Brassinosteroid Signaling ◽  
Ear Motif

AbstractLeaf angle in cereals is an important agronomic trait contributing to plant architecture and grain yield by determining the plant compactness. Although ZmCLA4 was identified to shape plant architecture by affecting leaf angle, the detailed regulatory mechanism of ZmCLA4 in maize remains unclear. ZmCLA4 was identified as a transcriptional repressor using the Gal4-LexA/UAS system and transactivation analysis in yeast. The DNA affinity purification (DAP)-seq assay showed that ZmCLA4 not only acts as a repressor containing the EAR motif (CACCGGAC), but was also found to have two new motifs, CCGARGS and CDTCNTC. On analyzing the ZmCLA4-bound targeted genes, we found that ZmCLA4, as a cross node of multiple plant hormone-mediated pathways, directly bound to ARF22 and IAA26 to regulate auxin transport and mediated brassinosteroid signaling by directly binding to BZR3 and 14-3-3. ZmCLA4 bound two WRKY genes involved with abscisic acid, two genes (CYP75B1, CYP93D1) involved with jasmonic acid, B3 involved in the response to ethylene, and thereby negatively regulated leaf angle formation. We built a new regulatory network for the ZmCLA4 gene controlling leaf angle in maize, which contributed to the understanding of ZmCLA4’s regulatory mechanism and will improve grain yields by facilitating optimization of plant architecture.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroid signaling integrates multiple pathways to release apical dominance in tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. e2004384118
Author(s):  
Xiaojian Xia ◽  
Han Dong ◽  
Yanling Yin ◽  
Xuewei Song ◽  
Xiaohua Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Deficient Mutant ◽  
Type B ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Brassinosteroid Signaling ◽  
Bud Removal

The control of apical dominance involves auxin, strigolactones (SLs), cytokinins (CKs), and sugars, but the mechanistic controls of this regulatory network are not fully understood. Here, we show that brassinosteroid (BR) promotes bud outgrowth in tomato through the direct transcriptional regulation of BRANCHED1 (BRC1) by the BR signaling component BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1). Attenuated responses to the removal of the apical bud, the inhibition of auxin, SLs or gibberellin synthesis, or treatment with CK and sucrose, were observed in bud outgrowth and the levels of BRC1 transcripts in the BR-deficient or bzr1 mutants. Furthermore, the accumulation of BR and the dephosphorylated form of BZR1 were increased by apical bud removal, inhibition of auxin, and SLs synthesis or treatment with CK and sucrose. These responses were decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant. In addition, CK accumulation was inhibited by auxin and SLs, and decreased in the DELLA-deficient mutant, but it was increased in response to sucrose treatment. CK promoted BR synthesis in axillary buds through the action of the type-B response regulator, RR10. Our results demonstrate that BR signaling integrates multiple pathways that control shoot branching. Local BR signaling in axillary buds is therefore a potential target for shaping plant architecture.

scholarly journals ZmIBH1-1 regulates plant architecture in maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2943-2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Cao ◽  
Haixia Zeng ◽  
Lixia Ku ◽  
Zhenzhen Ren ◽  
Yun Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Regulatory Model

Abstract Leaf angle (LA) is a critical agronomic trait in maize, with more upright leaves allowing higher planting density, leading to more efficient light capture and higher yields. A few genes responsible for variation in LA have been identified by map-based cloning. In this study, we cloned maize ZmIBH1-1, which encodes a bHLH transcription factor with both a basic binding region and a helix-loop-helix domain, and the results of qRT-PCR showed that it is a negative regulator of LA. Histological analysis indicated that changes in LA were mainly caused by differential cell wall lignification and cell elongation in the ligular region. To determine the regulatory framework of ZmIBH1-1, we conducted RNA-seq and DNA affinity purification (DAP)-seq analyses. The combined results revealed 59 ZmIBH1-1-modulated target genes with annotations, and they were mainly related to the cell wall, cell development, and hormones. Based on the data, we propose a regulatory model for the control of plant architecture by ZmIBH1-1 in maize.

scholarly journals Control of auxin-regulated root development by the Arabidopsis thaliana SHY2/IAA3 gene

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Tian ◽  
J.W. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Induced Genes

The plant hormone auxin controls many aspects of development and acts in part by inducing expression of various genes. Arabidopsis thaliana semidominant shy2 (short hypocotyl) mutations cause leaf formation in dark-grown plants, suggesting that SHY2 has an important role in regulating development. Here we show that the SHY2 gene encodes IAA3, a previously known member of the Aux/IAA family of auxin-induced genes. Dominant shy2 mutations cause amino acid changes in domain II, conserved among all members of this family. We isolated loss-of-function shy2 alleles including a putative null mutation. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function shy2 mutations affect auxin-dependent root growth, lateral root formation, and timing of gravitropism, indicating that SHY2/IAA3 regulates multiple auxin responses in roots. The phenotypes suggest that SHY2/IAA3 may activate some auxin responses and repress others. Models invoking tissue-specificity, feedback regulation, or control of auxin transport may explain these results.

The dynamics of auxin transport

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1177) ◽  
pp. 489-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Directed Motion ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Polar Mechanism

The plant hormone auxin is transported with a well defined velocity through many tissues. To explain this, one type of theory proposes that a polar mechanism operates at the interface between two cells. I show that, if auxin diffuses freely through the interior of cells, then there is an upper limit to the velocity that can be achieved by such a mechanism. This is compatible with the observed velocities provided that the diffusion constant for auxin within a cell is not much less than that measured for auxin in aqueous media. Cytoplasmic streaming, unless specially organized, would not assist the movement of auxin. This is because rapid diffusion between streams will cancel out any directed motion. I also show that the permeability that characterizes the forward movement between cells must exceed a certain limit. If auxin moves mainly through the cytoplasm, which occupies only a small part of the volume of a cell, then the permeability per unit area of membrane needed to achieve a given velocity is much reduced. Transport would be channelled through the cytoplasm if the membrane bounding the vacuole were relatively impermeable to auxin. The theory that I develop leads to predictions about, for example, the route of auxin and its concentration gradients within cells, and the dependence of velocity on cell length.

scholarly journals Auxin-transporting ABC transporters are defined by a conserved D/E-P motif regulated by a prolylisomerase

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (37) ◽  
pp. 13094-13105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengchao Hao ◽  
Jian Xia ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Martin Di Donato ◽  
Konrad Pakula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Nucleotide Binding Domain ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Ppiase Activity ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
A Cell

The plant hormone auxin must be transported throughout plants in a cell-to-cell manner to affect its various physiological functions. ABCB transporters are critical for this polar auxin distribution, but the regulatory mechanisms controlling their function is not fully understood. The auxin transport activity of ABCB1 was suggested to be regulated by a physical interaction with FKBP42/Twisted Dwarf1 (TWD1), a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), but all attempts to demonstrate such a PPIase activity by TWD1 have failed so far. By using a structure-based approach, we identified several surface-exposed proline residues in the nucleotide binding domain and linker of Arabidopsis ABCB1, mutations of which do not alter ABCB1 protein stability or location but do affect its transport activity. P1008 is part of a conserved signature D/E-P motif that seems to be specific for auxin-transporting ABCBs, which we now refer to as ATAs. Mutation of the acidic residue also abolishes auxin transport activity by ABCB1. All higher plant ABCBs for which auxin transport has been conclusively proven carry this conserved motif, underlining its predictive potential. Introduction of this D/E-P motif into malate importer, ABCB14, increases both its malate and its background auxin transport activity, suggesting that this motif has an impact on transport capacity. The D/E-P1008 motif is also important for ABCB1-TWD1 interactions and activation of ABCB1-mediated auxin transport by TWD1. In summary, our data imply a new function for TWD1 acting as a putative activator of ABCB-mediated auxin transport by cis-trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl bonds.

scholarly journals Functional mutation allele mining of plant architecture and yield-related agronomic traits and characterization of their effects in wheat

BMC Genetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Guo ◽  
Hongchun Xiong ◽  
Yongdun Xie ◽  
Linshu Zhao ◽  
Jiayu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Wheat Mutant

Abstract Background Wheat mutant resources with phenotypic variation have been developed in recent years. These mutants might carry favorable mutation alleles, which have the potential to be utilized in the breeding process. Plant architecture and yield-related features are important agronomic traits for wheat breeders and mining favorable alleles of these traits will improve wheat characteristics. Results Here we used 190 wheat phenotypic mutants as material and by analyzing their SNP variation and phenotypic data, mutation alleles for plant architecture and yield-related traits were identified, and the genetic effects of these alleles were evaluated. In total, 32 mutation alleles, including three pleiotropic alleles, significantly associated with agronomic traits were identified from the 190 wheat mutant lines. The SNPs were distributed on 12 chromosomes and were associated with plant height (PH), tiller number, flag leaf angle (FLA), thousand grain weight (TGW), and other yield-related traits. Further phenotypic analysis of multiple lines carrying the same mutant allele was performed to determine the effect of the allele on the traits of interest. PH-associated SNPs on chromosomes 2BL, 3BS, 3DL, and 5DL might show additive effects, reducing PH by 10.0 cm to 31.3 cm compared with wild type, which means that these alleles may be favorable for wheat improvement. Only unfavorable mutation alleles that reduced TGW and tiller number were identified. A region on chromosome 5DL with mutation alleles for PH and TGW contained several long ncRNAs, and their sequences shared more than 90% identity with cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes. Some of the mutation alleles we mined were colocalized with previously reported QTLs or genes while others were novel; these novel alleles could also result in phenotypic variation. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that favorable mutation alleles are present in mutant resources, and the region between 409.5 to 419.8 Mb on chromosome 5DL affects wheat plant height and thousand grain weight.

scholarly journals Synergistic Interaction of Phytohormones in Determining Leaf Angle in Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5052
Author(s):  
Xi Li ◽  
Pingfan Wu ◽  
Ying Lu ◽  
Shaoying Guo ◽  
Zhuojun Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
Natural Settings

Leaf angle (LA), defined as the angle between the plant stem and leaf adaxial side of the blade, generally shapes the plant architecture into a loosen or dense structure, and thus influences the light interception and competition between neighboring plants in natural settings, ultimately contributing to the crop yield and productivity. It has been elucidated that brassinosteroid (BR) plays a dominant role in determining LA, and other phytohormones also positively or negatively participate in regulating LA. Accumulating evidences have revealed that these phytohormones interact with each other in modulating various biological processes. However, the comprehensive discussion of how the phytohormones and their interaction involved in shaping LA is relatively lack. Here, we intend to summarize the advances in the LA regulation mediated by the phytohormones and their crosstalk in different plant species, mainly in rice and maize, hopefully providing further insights into the genetic manipulation of LA trait in crop breeding and improvement in regarding to overcoming the challenge from the continuous demands for food under limited arable land area.

The effect of intracellular geometry on auxin transport. I. Centrifugation experiments

1981 ◽  
Vol 214 (1194) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Cell Geometry ◽  
Internal Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
High Concentrations

When coleoptiles are centrifuged, the velocity of transport of the plant hormone auxin is dramatically altered. I show here that this may be due to changes in internal cell geometry. The tonoplast, the membrane surrounding the vacuole, may present a substantial permeability barrier for the diffusion of auxin. After centrifugation, the cytoplasm sediments to one end of the cell, displacing the vacuole to the other. If auxin, on entering the cell, must first accumulate in a mass of cytoplasm before crossing the tonoplast, the velocity will be lowered. If, on the other hand, there is only a thin layer of cytoplasm where auxin enters, high concentrations will quickly build up and enable auxin to cross the tonoplast, giving a high velocity. This would explain why centrifugation in a basal direction increases velocity, while apical centrifugation de­creases it. If this explanation is correct, and if the tonoplast constitutes an appreciable permeability barrier, then the position of the vacuole may strongly influence the flux of auxin inside a cell. I show in the adjoining paper that this can explain the changed transport pattern seen during the geotropic response.

scholarly journals Mapping quantitative trait loci and predicting candidate genes for leaf angle in maize

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245129
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Xueqing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Compact Leaf ◽  
Leaf Architecture ◽  
Maize Varieties

Leaf angle of maize is a fundamental determinant of plant architecture and an important trait influencing photosynthetic efficiency and crop yields. To broaden our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of leaf angle formation, we constructed a F3:4 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population to map QTL for leaf angle. The RIL was derived from a cross between a model inbred line (B73) with expanded leaf architecture and an elite inbred line (Zheng58) with compact leaf architecture. A sum of eight QTL were detected on chromosome 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8. Single QTL explained 4.3 to 14.2% of the leaf angle variance. Additionally, some important QTL were confirmed through a heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) approach. Furthermore, twenty-four candidate genes for leaf angle were predicted through whole-genome re-sequencing and expression analysis in qLA02-01and qLA08-01 regions. These results will be helpful to elucidate the genetic mechanism of leaf angle formation in maize and benefit to clone the favorable allele for leaf angle. Besides, this will be helpful to develop the novel maize varieties with ideal plant architecture through marker-assisted selection.

scholarly journals A Critical Review on Communication Mechanism within Plant-Endophytic Fungi Interactions to Cope with Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Hongyun Lu ◽  
Tianyu Wei ◽  
Hanghang Lou ◽  
Xiaoli Shu ◽  
Qihe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress

Endophytic fungi infect plant tissues by evading the immune response, potentially stimulating stress-tolerant plant growth. The plant selectively allows microbial colonization to carve endophyte structures through phenotypic genes and metabolic signals. Correspondingly, fungi develop various adaptations through symbiotic signal transduction to thrive in mycorrhiza. Over the past decade, the regulatory mechanism of plant-endophyte interaction has been uncovered. Currently, great progress has been made on plant endosphere, especially in endophytic fungi. Here, we systematically summarize the current understanding of endophytic fungi colonization, molecular recognition signal pathways, and immune evasion mechanisms to clarify the transboundary communication that allows endophytic fungi colonization and homeostatic phytobiome. In this work, we focus on immune signaling and recognition mechanisms, summarizing current research progress in plant-endophyte communication that converge to improve our understanding of endophytic fungi.

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