scholarly journals COVID-19 attack rate increases with city size

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Stier ◽  
Marc G. Berman ◽  
Luis M. A. Bettencourt
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Size ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
The Social ◽  
City Population ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Us Cities

The current outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented global health and economic threat to interconnected human societies. Until a vaccine is developed, strategies for controlling the outbreak rely on aggressive social distancing. These measures largely disconnect the social network fabric of human societies, especially in urban areas. Here, we estimate the growth rates and reproductive numbers of COVID-19 in US cities from March 14th through March 19th to reveal a power-law scaling relationship to city population size. This means that COVID-19 is spreading faster on average in larger cities with the additional implication that, in an uncontrolled outbreak, larger fractions of the population are expected to become infected in more populous urban areas. We discuss the implications of these observations for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak, emphasizing the need to implement more aggressive distancing policies in larger cities while also preserving socioeconomic activity.

scholarly journals Early pandemic COVID-19 case growth rates increase with city size

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Stier ◽  
Marc G. Berman ◽  
Luís M. A. Bettencourt
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
City Size ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Current Outbreak

AbstractThe current outbreak of COVID-19 poses an unprecedented global health and economic threat to interconnected human societies. Strategies for controlling the outbreak rely on social distancing and face covering measures which largely disconnect the social network fabric of cities. We demonstrate that early in the US outbreak, COVID-19 spread faster on average in larger cities and discuss the implications of these observations, emphasizing the need for faster responses to novel infectious diseases in larger cities.

Civic Participation and Social Embeddedness: Differences Between Urban and Rural Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Tuuli-Marja Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level

Does civic participation lead to a large social network? This study claims that high levels of civic participation may obstruct individual social embeddedness. Using survey data from the German Survey on Volunteering (Deutscher Freiwilligensurvey; 1999–2009), this study conducts macro- as well as multi-level regressions to examine the link between civic participation and social embeddedness. Findings reveal that civic participation on the sub-national regional level is not generally associated with social embeddedness, but it affects the participants’ and non-participants’ possibilities for friendships differently. This holds especially true in urban areas, but the effect cannot be found in rural areas. The analysis has implications for further research to enhance the social embeddedness of the excluded.

scholarly journals Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (31) ◽  
pp. e2022472118
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Stier ◽  
Kathryn E. Schertz ◽  
Nak Won Rim ◽  
Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez ◽  
Benjamin B. Lahey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
City Size ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Systematic Framework

It is commonly assumed that cities are detrimental to mental health. However, the evidence remains inconsistent and at most, makes the case for differences between rural and urban environments as a whole. Here, we propose a model of depression driven by an individual’s accumulated experience mediated by social networks. The connection between observed systematic variations in socioeconomic networks and built environments with city size provides a link between urbanization and mental health. Surprisingly, this model predicts lower depression rates in larger cities. We confirm this prediction for US cities using four independent datasets. These results are consistent with other behaviors associated with denser socioeconomic networks and suggest that larger cities provide a buffer against depression. This approach introduces a systematic framework for conceptualizing and modeling mental health in complex physical and social networks, producing testable predictions for environmental and social determinants of mental health also applicable to other psychopathologies.

scholarly journals Rethinking Depression in Cities: Evidence and Theory for Lower Rates in Larger Urban Areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Stier ◽  
Marc G Berman ◽  
Luis M.A. Bettencourt ◽  
Kathryn E Schertz ◽  
Nak Won Rim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
City Size ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Systematic Framework

It is commonly assumed that cities are detrimental to mental health. However, the evidence remains inconsistent and, at most, makes the case for differences between rural and urban environments as a whole. Here, we propose a model of depression driven by an individual's accumulated experience mediated by social networks. The connection between observed systematic variations in socioeconomic networks and built environments with city size provides a link between urbanization and mental health. Surprisingly, this model predicts lower depression rates in larger cities. We confirm this prediction for US cities using three independent datasets. These results are consistent with other behaviors associated with denser socioeconomic networks and suggest that larger cities provide a buffer against depression. This approach introduces a systematic framework for conceptualizing and modeling mental health in complex physical and social networks, producing testable predictions for environmental and social determinants of mental health also applicable to other psychopathologies.

scholarly journals RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN KAMPUNG ARRANGEMENT IN KAMPUNG PISANG, MAKASSAR, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Risma Ranreng ◽  
Hanny Wahidin Wiranegara ◽  
Yayat Supriatna
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Good Strategy ◽  
Impact Study ◽  
The Social

Improving poor conditions of the kampung in urban areas can be solved without evictions. Eviction is not a good strategy as it will eliminate the uniqueness of kampung characteristics. <strong>Aims:</strong> This study was aimed to find out the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement and also to understand the most influential element of the social capital and its role on the arrangement of kampung in Kampung Pisang.  <strong>Methodology and results:</strong> The study investigated the elements of social capital that affect the activities in every phase in kampung arrangement process. This was done through the analysis of data resulted from the questionnaire and interview surveys on the residents of Kampung Pisang. The result showed the most influential element of social capital is the social network in participation variable. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study:</strong> Participation as an element of social capital plays a major role in kampung arrangement in Kampung Pisang, Makassar city in Indonesia. By participation, the relevance of social capital in kampung arrangement is developing people’s knowledge about the environmental quality and using it in the improvement of physical environmental condition. This paper showed that kampung arrangement could be done by using social capital to hinder evictions.

scholarly journals Scaling in words on Twitter

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 190027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eszter Bokányi ◽  
Dániel Kondor ◽  
Gábor Vattay
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
City Size ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
City Population ◽  
Urban Scaling ◽  
Core Vocabulary ◽  
Relationship Of

Scaling properties of language are a useful tool for understanding generative processes in texts. We investigate the scaling relations in citywise Twitter corpora coming from the metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas of the United States. We observe a slightly superlinear urban scaling with the city population for the total volume of the tweets and words created in a city. We then find that a certain core vocabulary follows the scaling relationship of that of the bulk text, but most words are sensitive to city size, exhibiting a super- or a sublinear urban scaling. For both regimes, we can offer a plausible explanation based on the meaning of the words. We also show that the parameters for Zipf’s Law and Heaps' Law differ on Twitter from that of other texts, and that the exponent of Zipf’s Law changes with city size.

scholarly journals Socialización en la red virtual y desfiguración de la imagen profesional del docente venezolano / Socialization in the Virtual Network and Disfigurement of the Professional Image of the Venezuelan Teaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Amaya ◽  
Zoila Amaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Virtual Network ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Professional Image ◽  
La Red ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTIn Venezuela, the social network Facebook has a huge popularity among teenagers and young adults in urban areas. In education, the new form of socialization part a matter of debate which interweaves the use of Facebook and the possibility of distortion of the social and professional image of teachers. The use of social network Facebook by Venezuelan teachers belonging to the subsystem of Basic Education and the impact on the valuation of your social and professional image is discussed in the next job. Starting talks on a focal group discussion it was established that sociability mediated virtual network is acquiring a new ontological dimension, where the possibility of distortion of the professional image of teachers is manifested as socially accepted behavior modeler.RESUMENEn Venezuela, la red social Facebook tiene una enorme popularidad entre adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos resi-denciados en las zonas urbanas. En el ámbito educativo, la nueva forma de socialización enmarca un tema de debate que entreteje el uso de Facebook y la posibilidad de desfiguración de la imagen social y profesional del docente. En el siguiente trabajo se discute la utilización de la red social Facebook por parte de docentes venezolanos pertenecientes al subsistema de Educación Básica y la repercusión en la valoración de su imagen social y profesional. A partir de conversaciones en un grupo de discusión focal se pudo establecer que la sociabilidad mediada por la red virtual está adquiriendo una nueva dimensión ontológica, donde se hace manifiesta la posibilidad de desfiguración de la imagen profesional del docente como modelador de comportamientos socialmente aceptados. Contacto principal: [email protected]

The social network

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
ALAN ROCKOFF
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
The Social

The Multilevel p2 Model

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonne J. H. Zijlstra ◽  
Marijtje A. J. van Duijn ◽  
Tom A. B. Snijders
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Mcmc Algorithm ◽  
Independent Observation ◽  
Single Observation ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Social Network Data ◽  
Multiple Observations ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
The Social

The p 2 model is a random effects model with covariates for the analysis of binary directed social network data coming from a single observation of a social network. Here, a multilevel variant of the p 2 model is proposed for the case of multiple observations of social networks, for example, in a sample of schools. The multilevel p 2 model defines an identical p 2 model for each independent observation of the social network, where parameters are allowed to vary across the multiple networks. The multilevel p 2 model is estimated with a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that was implemented in free software for the statistical analysis of complete social network data, called StOCNET. The new model is illustrated with a study on the received practical support by Dutch high school pupils of different ethnic backgrounds.

ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ НАТИВНОЇ РЕКЛАМИ: ФОРМИ, ТРЕНДИ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ НАТИВНОГО КОНТЕНТУ В СОЦІАЛЬНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ FACEBOOK ЩОДО БРЕНДА ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ ЖУРНАЛІСТИКИ ЗНУ)

2020 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
V. Kovpak ◽  
N. Trotsenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Student Centered ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
The Social ◽  
National University ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

<div><p><em>The article analyzes the peculiarities of the format of native advertising in the media space, its pragmatic potential (in particular, on the example of native content in the social network Facebook by the brand of the journalism department of ZNU), highlights the types and trends of native advertising. The following research methods were used to achieve the purpose of intelligence: descriptive (content content, including various examples), comparative (content presentation options) and typological (types, trends of native advertising, in particular, cross-media as an opportunity to submit content in different formats (video, audio, photos, text, infographics, etc.)), content analysis method using Internet services (using Popsters service). And the native code for analytics was the page of the journalism department of Zaporizhzhya National University on the social network Facebook. After all, the brand of the journalism department of Zaporozhye National University in 2019 celebrates its 15th anniversary. The brand vector is its value component and professional training with balanced distribution of theoretical and practical blocks (seven practices), student-centered (democratic interaction and high-level teacher-student dialogue) and integration into Ukrainian and world educational process (participation in grant programs).</em></p></div><p><em>And advertising on social networks is also a kind of native content, which does not appear in special blocks, and is organically inscribed on one page or another and unobtrusively offers, just remembering the product as if «to the word». Popsters service functionality, which evaluates an account (or linked accounts of one person) for 35 parameters, but the main three areas: reach or influence, or how many users evaluate, comment on the recording; true reach – the number of people affected; network score – an assessment of the audience’s response to the impact, or how far the network information diverges (how many share information on this page).</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> nativeness, native advertising, branded content, special project, communication strategy.</em></p>

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