Dispersion of a new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 by airlines in 2020: Temporal estimates of the outbreak in Mexico

SummaryOn January 23, 2020, China imposed a quarantine on the city of Wuhan to contain the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Regardless of this measure the new infection has spread to several countries around the world. Here, we developed a method to study the dissemination of this infection by the airline routes and we give estimations of the time of arrival of the outbreaks to the different cities.In this work we show an analysis of the dispersion of this infection to other cities by airlines based on the classic model the Kermack and McKendrick complemented with diffusion on a graph composed of nodes which represent the cities and edges which represent the airline routes. We do several numerical simulations to estimate the date of arrival to different cities starting the infection at Wuhan, China and to show the robustness of the estimation respect to changes in the epidemiological parameters and to changes on the graph. we use Mexico City as an example. In this case, our estimate of the arrival time is between March 20 and March 30, 2020. This analysis is limited to the analysis of dispersion by airlines, so this estimate should be taken as an overestimate since the infection can arrive by other means.This model estimates the arrival of the infectious outbreak to Mexico between March 20 and March 30. This estimation gives a time period to implement and strengthen preventive measures aimed at the general population, as well as to strengthen hospital infrastructure and training of human resources in health.

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La moneda menuda en la circulacióón monetaria de la ciudad de Mééxico. Siglo XVIII

Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos ◽

10.1525/msem.2006.22.2.219 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 219-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Enriqueta Quiroz

Keyword(s):

Eighteenth Century ◽

Mexico City ◽

Basic Difference ◽

Basic Goods ◽

Time Period ◽

Cast Doubt ◽

The City ◽

Monetary Circulation

The object of this article is to illustrate that in the eighteenth century there existed-at least in Mexico City-a much more active monetary circulation than was previously thought. To this end, minting levels during that period have been analyzed and a basic difference has been established between coined pieces and their worth. The volume of small currency has received special attention, because this is the currency that circulated in the daily market and was used to fix the prices of foodstuffs as well as to pay daily wages in the capital. In this article, the quantities of small currency have been estimated to be significantly large, which, together with the high volumes of basic goods sold in the city as well as the prices and consumption levels among its inhabitants, has cast doubt over the validity of a shortage of circulating currency during this time period. El artíículo intenta demostrar que existióó en el siglo XVIII-al menos en la ciudad de Mééxico -una circulacióón monetaria mucho máás activa de la que hasta ahora se ha aceptado. Con ese propóósito se revisan los niveles de acuññacióón y se establece una diferencia báásica entre valor y piezas acuññadas. De manera particular se identifica el volumen de moneda menuda acuññada, claro estáá, porque esta moneda era la que circulaba en los mercados cotidianos, y bajo la cual se fijaban los precios de los comestibles y se pagaban los jornales diarios en la capital. En el artíículo se estiman importantes volúúmenes de piezas de moneda menuda acuññada que junto a los altos volúúmenes de productos báásicos vendidos en dicha ciudad, los niveles de precios y de consumo entre los capitalinos, se pondríía en duda la escasez de circulante.

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MENYONGSONG 25 TAHUN SISTER CITY JAKARTA â€“ TOKYO

Sociae Polites ◽

10.33541/sp.v1i1.469 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 171-182

Author(s):

Witarsa Tambunan

Keyword(s):

Provincial Government ◽

International Standards ◽

Community Members ◽

Exchange Program ◽

The World ◽

Training Apparatus ◽

The City ◽

The Town ◽

And Training

AbstractThe term sister city was originally introduced by Dwight Eisehower to the XII century,which means the town brothers, friendly city. The concept of sister city intends to maximizethe relationship between community members in all corners of the world to be created andmaintain peace. Sister city Jakarta - Tokyo has succeeded in building a positive image ofJakarta as an international city. As an international city, Jakarta has a vision of "Aligningthe city of Jakarta with cities abroad." That is why the cooperation program of sister cityJakarta - Tokyo for the Jakarta Provincial Government is a necessity as a consequence ofJakarta as the Capital of Indonesia Republic and international city. In making the city ofJakarta as the city of city services, through its sister city Quezon City - Tokyo, JakartaProvincial Government to send its agents (HR) to Tokyo to follow the Exchange Program,Apprenticeship and Training Apparatus, to turns knowledge, skill, and attitude towardpositive changing of apparatus, it means improved the quality of human resources so thatits services meet international standards so the city can be a service city. As for thecommunity (people), sister city programs Jakarta - Tokyo has managed to build brotherhoodand friendship through sports and high school student and teacher exchanges.Keywords: Sister City, Service City

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Overview of therapeutic options in COVID-19

Psychology and Education Journal ◽

10.17762/pae.v58i2.1898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 669-677

Author(s):

Sarthak Katyal, Dr. Swarupa Chakole

Keyword(s):

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Respiratory Disorder ◽

The Novel ◽

Disease Avoidance ◽

The World ◽

The City

Coronavirus is essentially a respiratory sickness brought about by a newfound rSARS-CoV-2 infection and distinguished in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. The emerging outbreak of Covid disease 2019 (COVID-19) brought about because ofthe severe respiratory disorder Covid 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a phenomenal test for medical services frameworks around the world.WHO has proclaimed this illness as a pandemic, and cautioned different nations. Like other Covids, this may create respiratory plot contaminations in the patients range from gentle to lethal ailment like pneumonia and ARDS(acute respiratory distress syndrome).The features of coronavirus and the capacity to quickly make far reaching contamination has significant ramifications, justifying vivacious disease avoidance and the preventive measures. While the affirmed quantity of the cases have outperformed 10.3 million throughout the world and keeps on developing, as the possible seriousness related to infection along with its destructive confusions needs critical advancement of the novel restorative specialists to both forestall and cure the COVID-19 illness . In spite of the fact that antibodies and explicit medication treatments presently can't seem to be found, progressing investigation and subjective preliminaries have led to the examination of viability of the reused medications for curing COVID-19 illness .According to the current audit, some of the medication competitors have been recommended to cure COVID-19 will be talked about. While these incorporate enemy of the viral specialists (remdesivir ,rebetol, lopinavir-ritonavir,choloroquine, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, umifenovir ,oseltamivir,), immunomodulating based specialists (interferons, plasma bondings , tocilizumab), (azithromycin, corticosteroids), along with other random specialists. With components of activity and further pharmacology based property which should be investigated, within a specific spotlight on the proof base wellbeing with viability of a every specialist.

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The effect of confinement due to COVID-19 on seismic noise in Mexico

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-12-1411-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1411-1419

Author(s):

Xyoli Pérez-Campos ◽

Víctor H. Espíndola ◽

Daniel González-Ávila ◽

Betty Zanolli Fabila ◽

Víctor H. Márquez-Ramírez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Processing ◽

Mexico City ◽

Noise Level ◽

Seismic Noise ◽

Noise Levels ◽

Traffic Light ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Seismic Stations ◽

The World ◽

The City

Abstract. The world experienced the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2019 to the beginning of 2020. Governments implemented strategies to contain it, most based on lockdowns. Mexico was no exception. The lockdown was initiated in March 2020, and with it, a reduction in the seismic noise level was witnessed by the seismic stations of the national and Valley of Mexico networks. Stations located in municipalities with more than 50 000 people usually experience larger seismic noise levels at frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz, associated with human activity. The largest noise levels are recorded in Mexico City, which has the largest population in the country. The largest drop was observed in Hermosillo, Sonora; however, it was also the city with the fastest return to activities, which seems to correlate with a quick increase in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Mexico initiated a traffic-light system to modulate the re-opening of economic activities for each state. Therefore, since 1 June, noise levels have generally reflected the colour of the state traffic light. Furthermore, the reduction in the noise level at seismic stations has allowed identification of smaller earthquakes without signal processing. Also, people in cities have perceived smaller or more distant quakes.

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Dynamic Estimation of Epidemiological Parameters of COVID-19 Outbreak and Effects of Interventions on Its Spread

10.1101/2020.04.01.20050310 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hongzhe Zhang ◽

Xiaohang Zhao ◽

Kexin Yin ◽

Yiren Yan ◽

Wei Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Government Interventions ◽

Time Period ◽

True Number ◽

Dynamic Estimation ◽

The City ◽

Epidemiological Parameters

AbstractA key challenge for estimating the epidemiological parameters of the COVID-19 out-break in Wuhan is the discrepancy between the officially reported number of infections and the true number of infections. A common approach to tackling the challenge is to use the number of infections exported from Wuhan to infer the true number in the city. This approach can only provide a static estimate of the epidemiological parameters before Wuhan lockdown on January 23, 2020, because there are almost no exported cases thereafter. Here, we propose a method to dynamically estimate the epidemiological parameters of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by recovering true numbers of infections from day-to-day official numbers. Using the method, we provide a comprehensive retrospection on how the disease had progressed in Wuhan from January 19 to March 5, 2020. Particularly, we estimate that the outbreak sizes by January 23 and March 5 were 11,239 [95% CI 4,794–22,372] and 124,506 [95% CI 69,526–265,113], respectively. The effective reproduction number attained its maximum on January 24 (3.42 [95% CI 3.34–3.50]) and became less than 1 from February 7 (0.76 [95% CI 0.65–0.92]). We also estimate the effects of two major government interventions on the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan. In particular, transportation suspension and large scale hospitalization respectively prevented 33,719 and 90,072 people from getting infected in the nine-day time period right after its implementation.

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Introduction: The Cities Rise Again

The Resilient City ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195175844.003.0004 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lawrence J. Vale ◽

Thomas J. Campanella

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Mexico City ◽

San Francisco ◽

Urban Life ◽

World War ◽

New Town ◽

The World ◽

Life Force ◽

Statistical Survey ◽

The City

Whoever penned the Latin maxim Sic transit gloria mundi (thus passes the glory of the world) was likely not an urbanist. Although cities have been destroyed throughout history—sacked, shaken, burned, bombed, flooded, starved, irradiated, and poisoned—they have, in almost every case, risen again like the mythic phoenix. As one painstakingly thorough statistical survey determined, only forty-two cities worldwide were permanently abandoned following destruction between the years 1100 and 1800. By contrast, cities such as Baghdad, Moscow, Aleppo, Mexico City, and Budapest lost between 60 and 90 percent of their populations due to wars during this period, yet they were rebuilt and eventually rebounded. After about 1800, such resilience became a nearly universal fact of urban settlement around the globe. The tenacity of the urban life force inspired one of Rudyard Kipling’s most famous poems: . . Cities and Thrones and Powers Stand in Time’s eye, Almost as long as flowers, Which daily die: But, as new buds put forth To glad new men, Out of the spent and unconsidered Earth, The Cities rise again. . . There have been some exceptions, Kipling notwithstanding. One of these is St. Pierre, Martinique—once known as “the Paris of the Antilles.” On May 8, 1902, the eruption of Mount Pelée buried the city under pyroclastic lava flows. Nearly 30,000 residents and visitors perished; only one man survived, a prisoner in solitary confinement. St. Pierre was not a resilient city. Yet one is hard-pressed to think of other cities that have not recovered. Atlanta, Columbia, and Richmond all survived the devastation wrought by the American Civil War and remain state capitals today. Chicago emerged stronger than ever following the 1871 fire, as did San Francisco from the earthquake and fires of 1906. We still have Hiroshima and Nagasaki, despite the horrors of nuclear attack. Both Dresden and Coventry have been rebuilt. Warsaw lost 61 percent of its 1.3 million residents during World War II, yet surpassed its prewar population by 1967. Even as the war still raged, farsighted planners and designers surreptitiously assembled voluminous documentation of the city that the Nazis were systematically dismembering. After the war, they painstakingly (if creatively) replicated the exteriors of hundreds of buildings in the Old Town and New Town, while modernizing the interiors.

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Air Pollution in Mexico City

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.969 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ela Miljkovic

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

20Th Century ◽

Mexico City ◽

Human Life ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Ambient Air Pollution ◽

The World ◽

The City

As in many areas of the world, in Mexico ambient air pollution is a pervasive component of the lived experience. Most conspicuous in large urban centers, air pollution flows across the diverse Mexican terrain, unifying the country’s political geography while also routinely permeating international boundaries. In Mexico’s capital, air pollution is unyieldingly stagnant and often lingers in the valley for days during winter temperature inversions and periods of low wind activity. Although Mexico City has long suffered from seasonal dust pollution, a consequence of the slow, human-engineered desiccation of the lakes that once surrounded the city, as well as from pollution naturally generated by the relatively more sporadic volcanic eruptions known to afflict the city and its environs, the mid-20th century spawned an altogether different, more human pollution problem. Driven by state-sponsored industrialization, population growth, and a rise in the use of motorized transportation, a phase collectively known as the “Mexican Miracle,” from approximately the 1940s to the 1990s, Mexico City transformed into an industrial powerhouse and the most polluted city in the world, the latter status officially recognized by the United Nations during the Earth Summit in 1992. The state, dedicated to carrying out its comprehensive modernization project, had left Mexico City’s air pollution to fester for decades, framing the legal protection of the environment—atmosphere included—as antithetical to economic growth. This rhetoric pervaded the ways that antipollution laws, passed in the 1970s and 1980s, were enforced. Though they set into motion important classification and monitoring efforts, for the most part air pollution control laws were poorly executed due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and the collapse of the economy, which halted spending on environmental protection programs. Other spheres such as science and environmental activism were also important in the history of Mexico City’s experience with air pollution, as actors within these realms contributed to the creation of air pollution knowledge throughout the second half of the 20th century. In their own ways, scientists and activists discursively rendered air pollution a threat to human life and the ecological future of Mexico City. From the 1940s to the 1990s, then, dirty air connected politics, science, and environmentally minded citizens in important and intriguing ways.

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A Study and Factor Identification of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mexico City

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226305 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6305

Author(s):

Francisco Gutiérrez Galicia ◽

Ana Lilia Coria Páez ◽

Ricardo Tejeida Padilla

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Mexico City ◽

Solid Waste Management ◽

Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽

Global Context ◽

Treatment Services ◽

The World ◽

The City

Mexico City generates 12 thousand tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) per day, which places it as one of the cities that produces the most MSW in the world. However, the treatments used in the city are not enough for recycling materials and organics valorization of at least 45% of the MSW, which is the minimum for a medium-high-income city. To put in a global context the deficiency in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Mexico City and evaluate the policies that have been implemented thus far, Wasteaware benchmark Indicators for Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) were used to obtain a desired profile for the comprehensive MSWM in Mexico City. The Wasteaware Benchmark Indicators have been tested in more than 50 cities around the world. The results showed that in Mexico City, certain aspects of governance present the most considerable delay and, at the same time, that there are certain areas of opportunity to improve the efficiency of MSWM in its physical aspects, such as collection systems or treatment services.

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The effect of confinement due to COVID-19 on seismic noise in Mexico

10.5194/se-2020-204 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xyoli Pérez-Campos ◽

Víctor H. Espíndola ◽

Daniel González-Ávila ◽

Betty Zanolli Fabila ◽

Víctor H. Márquez-Ramírez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal Processing ◽

Mexico City ◽

Noise Level ◽

Seismic Noise ◽

Noise Levels ◽

Traffic Light ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Seismic Stations ◽

The World ◽

The City

Abstract. The world experienced the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic by the end of 2019, beginning of 2020. Governments implemented strategies to contain it, most based on lockdowns. Mexico was not the exception. The lockdown was initiated in March 2020 and with it, a reduction on the seismic noise level was witnessed by the seismic stations of the national and the Valley of Mexico networks. Stations located in municipalities with more than 50,000 people usually experience larger seismic noise levels at frequencies between 1 to 5 Hz, associated with human activity. The largest noise levels are recorded in Mexico City, with the largest population in the country. The largest drop was observed in Hermosillo, Sonora, however, it was also the city with the fastest return to activities, which seems to correlate with a quick increase in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Mexico initiated a traffic-light system to modulate the re-opening of economic activities for each state. Therefore, since 1 June, noise levels reflect, in general, the colour of the state traffic light. Furthermore, the reduction in the noise level at seismic stations has allowed identification of smaller earthquakes without signal processing. Also, people in cities have perceived smaller or distant quakes.

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Weak Alertness Between The Central Government and Local Governments in Handling Crisis.

International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences ◽

10.51601/ijersc.v2i1.41 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 69-76

Author(s):

Gia Ayu Fita ◽

Ahmad Amiruddin ◽

Aco Nata Saputra

Keyword(s):

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

The World ◽

The Government ◽

The City

At the end of 2019, the world is being hit by a pandemic worrying for humanity. Covid-19 first appeared in the city of Wuhan, China, and spread massively throughout the world afterwards. WHO has designated Covid-19 as a pandemic that is difficult to control as of March 11, 2020. As of April 2020, there have been more than 2 million cases of people in the world infected with Covid-19, and 195 thousand people died at that time. In Indonesia itself, the government has taken preventive measures to respond and prevent the virus's spread. The response of the government, especially local governments in Indonesia, is very diverse. Judging from the local government's readiness, some have responded slowly and underestimated this pandemic's emergence. Therefore, in this paper, the state's readiness, especially local governments, will be highlighted in facing a crisis (pandemic) from the aspects of risk, impact, and mitigation to the community itself.

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