scholarly journals Universal patterns of matter and energy fluxes in land and ocean ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Nefiodov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Biomass ◽  
Vertical Thickness ◽  
Ocean Ecosystems ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Life On Earth

AbstractIn work [1], the fundamental relationships for the fluxes of matter and energy in terrestrial ecosystems were obtained. Taking into account the universal characteristics of biota, these relationships permitted an estimate to be made of the vertical thickness of the live biomass layer for autotrophs and heterotrophs. The distribution of consumption of biota production as dependent on the body size of heterotrophs was also investigated. For large animals (vertebrates), the energy consumption in sustainable ecosystems was estimated to be of the order of one percent of primary production. In this comment, it is shown that the results of work [1] also hold true for ocean ecosystems and thus are universal for life as a whole. This is of paramount importance for human life on Earth.

scholarly journals AIR SUMBER KEHIDUPAN (Tinjauan Kimia Air dalam Al-Qur’an)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238
Author(s):  
Rini Nafsiati Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
The World ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Living Process

The living process is mediated by water to start a long evolutionary line that connected animal, plant, as well the human being. The beginning of life that involved water reflected in all of the life process, such as animal, plant, and human being as well. Single-cell organism is the simplest living thing is surrounded and filled with water. In order to survive, plant has to take water from the ground. While human being's body contains water about 54 % of weight contains liquid. Without water, living thing will not survive. The molecule of water bonds together in a special way that is known as hydrogen bonding. If there is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules so at 1 atm pressure water will be boiling at 100° C. This condition can cause disaster to the life on earth, such as blood will be boiling in the body, plants will be wilted and died, and the world will be turn to dry desert. Human no longer can't make their drinks. Water is very important for human life as it reflected in the verse that suggest human being to note the water they drink stated in Qur' an.

scholarly journals Stable body size of Alpine ungulates

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 200196
Author(s):  
Ulf Büntgen ◽  
Hannes Jenny ◽  
J. Diego Galván ◽  
Alma Piermattei ◽  
Paul J. Krusic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Hind Foot

In many species, decreasing body size has been associated with increasing temperatures. Although climate-induced phenotypic shifts, and evolutionary impacts, can affect the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial ecosystems through biological and metabolic rules, evidence for shrinking body size is often challenged by (i) relatively short intervals of observation, (ii) a limited number of individuals, and (iii) confinement to small and isolated populations. To overcome these issues and provide important multi-species, long-term information for conservation managers and scientists, we compiled and analysed 222 961 measurements of eviscerated body weight, 170 729 measurements of hind foot length and 145 980 measurements of lower jaw length, in the four most abundant Alpine ungulate species: ibex ( Capra ibex ), chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ). Regardless of age, sex and phylogeny, the body mass and size of these sympatric animals, from the eastern Swiss Alps, remained stable between 1991 and 2013. Neither global warming nor local hunting influenced the fitness of the wild ungulates studied at a detectable level. However, we cannot rule out possible counteracting effects of enhanced nutritional resources associated with longer and warmer growing seasons, as well as the animals' ability to migrate along extensive elevational gradients in the highly diversified alpine landscape of this study.

The Mesozoic mammals

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Mesozoic Mammals ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Rats And Mice

The expression ‘Mesozoic Mammals’ refers to more than simply the mammals of that particular period of time; it also stands for an extraordinary and quite mysterious concept. From the first appearance in rocks of Late Triassic times of the small, obviously highly active, large-brained animals thought of as mammals, through the following 145 million years of life on earth culminating in the great end-Cretaceous mass extinction that saw the end of the dinosaurs, these animals remained small. Although probably far from rare at the time, the great majority of species of Mesozoic mammals were of the size of shrews, rats, and mice. A tiny handful managed to evolve to the body size of foxes or beavers, but there were no representatives at all of mammals the size of the prominent mammals of today, the herbivorous horses, antelopes, and elephants, the lions and wolves that feed upon them, or the specialist apes, whales, and anteaters. Two points highlight just how odd this restriction in body size is. The first is that the Mesozoic mammals represent no less than two-thirds of mammalian evolution from their origin to the present, so there was plenty of time for evolution, and an extensive radiation did indeed occur producing a plethora of taxa. The second is that somewhere along the line, the potential for evolving large body size certainly existed because within, metaphorically speaking, moments of the end of the Mesozoic Era, middle-sized and soon thereafter large mammals had arisen and were flourishing. Since their very earliest recognition by Dean William Buckland (Buckland 1824) from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate of Oxfordshire, Mesozoic mammals have generated controversy (Desmond 1985). Transformationists like Robert Grant denied that they were mammals, because it disturbed their accepted temporal sequence of Mesozoic reptiles preceding the exclusively Tertiary mammals. On the other hand, establishment figures like Buckland himself and Sir Richard Owen welcomed this apparent refutation of transformationism and had no doubt that they were indeed opossum-like mammals. In the end, the true nature of these fossils was accepted, and by 1871, a good number of undoubtedly Mesozoic localities had yielded undoubtedly mammalian fossils.

Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardizing Natural Lighting in Interiors

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Darula
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Computer Tools ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Window Design

Three elements mainly wind, water and sun seemed to determine in ancient ages the basic phenomena of life on Earth. Architectural history documented the importance of sun influence on urban and building construction already in layouts of Mesopotamian and Greek houses. Not only sun radiation but especially daylight played a significant role in the creation of indoor environment. Later, in the 20th century, a search of interaction between human life in buildings and natural conditions were studied considering well­being and energy conscious design recently using computer tools in complex research and more detail interdisciplinary solutions. At the same time the restricted daytime availability of natural light was supplemented by more efficient and continually cheaper artificial lighting of interiors. There are two main approaches to standardize the design and evaluation of indoor visual environment. The first is based on the determination of the minimum requirements respecting human health and visibility needs in all activities while the second emphasizes the behaviour and comfort of occupants in buildings considering year­around natural changes of physical quantities like light, temperature, noise and energy consumption. The new current standardization basis for daylight evaluation and window design criteria stimulate the study of methodology principles that historically were based on the overcast type of sky luminance pattern avoiding yearly availability of sky illuminance levels. New trends to base the daylight standardization on yearly or long­term availability of daylight are using the averages or median sky illuminance levels to characterise local climatological conditions. This paper offers the review and discussion about the principles of the natural light standardization with a short introduction to the history and current state, with a trial to focus on the possible development of lighting engineering and its standards in future.

The Body Size of Headstarted and Wild Juvenile European Pond Turtles (Emys orbicularis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Sławomir Mitrus ◽  
Bartłomiej Najbar ◽  
Adam Kotowicz ◽  
Anna Najbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

Chronic Hypoxia as a Potential Factor in Human Life-threatening Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3759-3762
Author(s):  
Sandhya MNVS ◽  
Vanitha K ◽  
Ramesh A
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hypoxia ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Otto Warburg ◽  
Regular Treatment ◽  
Breathing Exercises ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Cancerous Cell

The review article focuses on the importance of adequate oxygen levels in the body as cure and therapy for many ailments. It is known that hypoxia is the cause for cellular damage and if it can be applied to major patho-physiology’s, it can be observed that slow and chronic hypoxic conditions are the cause for most of the diseases. On the contrary, providing each cell of the body with proper oxygen may be helpful in maintaining the immunity of the body and therefore treating many disease conditions. This theory, if tested may show positive results in heart related diseases, neuronal disorders, stresses, digestive disorders and the unresolved cancer too. Slow decrease in the levels of atmospheric oxygen could be a reason to induce chronic hypoxia. According to Dr. Otto Warburg, a Noble laurate, a normal cell when deprived of oxygen, may get converted to a cancerous cell, whereas a cancerous cell cannot survive in aerobic conditions. If this part of his research be concentrated on, there could be fruitful results in the treatment of cancer. To maintain adequate levels of oxygen in the body, simple yogic breathing practices are helpful. And to maintain the adequate atmospheric oxygen, trees and plants which cleanse the atmospheric air are useful. Clinical surveys on volunteers who have been practicing regular breathing exercises can prove the fact that proper and concentrated respiration could prevent many diseases. Thus, supplementing breathing exercises along with the regular treatment for cancer patients could be helpful in alleviating cancer and other diseases.

Systematic approaches in water management: Aquatic outlook and decision support systems combining monitoring, research, policy analysis and information technology

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Jong ◽  
J. T. van Buuren ◽  
J. P. A. Luiten
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Management Plans ◽  
Life On Earth

Sustained developments is the target of almost every modern water management policy. Sustainability is focused on human life and on the ecological quality of our environment. Both aspects are essential for life on earth. Within a river catchment area this means that well balanced relations have to be laid between human activities and ecological aspects in the involved areas. Policy analysis is especially looking for the most efficient way to analyse and to overcome bottlenecks. In The Netherlands project “The Aquatic Outlook” all these elements are worked out in a nationwide scale, providing the scientific base and policy analysis from which future water management plans can be derived.

scholarly journals First record of Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Marciszak ◽  
Yuriy Semenov ◽  
Piotr Portnicki ◽  
Tamara Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
South Eastern

AbstractCranial material ofPachycrocuta brevirostrisfrom the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk is the first record of this species in Ukraine. This large hyena was a representative of the Tamanian faunal complex and a single specialised scavenger in these faunas. The revisited European records list ofP.brevirostrisdocumented the presence of this species in 101 sites, dated in the range of 3.5–0.4 Ma. This species first disappeared in Africa, survived in Europe until ca. 0.8–0.7 Ma, and its last, relict occurrence was known from south-eastern Asia. The main reason of extinction ofP.brevirostrisprobably was the competition withCrocuta crocuta. The cave hyena was smaller, but its teeth were proportionally larger to the body size, better adapted to crushing bones and slicing meat, and could also hunt united in larger groups.

scholarly journals Migration of Silver and Copper Nanoparticles from Food Coating

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Hamed Ahari ◽  
Leila Khoshboui Lahijani
Keyword(s):  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Inductively Coupled

Packaging containing nanoparticles (NPs) can increase the shelf life of products, but the presence of NPs may hazards human life. In this regard, there are reports regarding the side effect and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. The main aim of this research was to study the migration of silver and copper nanoparticles from the packaging to the food matrix as well as the assessment techniques. The diffusion and migration of nanoparticles can be analyzed by analytical techniques including atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, migration, and titration. Inductively coupled plasma-based techniques demonstrated the best results. Reports indicated that studies on the migration of Ag/Cu nanoparticles do not agree with each other, but almost all studies agree that the migration of these nanoparticles is higher in acidic environments. There are widespread ambiguities about the mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity, so understanding these nanoparticles and their toxic effects are essential. Nanomaterials that enter the body in a variety of ways can be distributed throughout the body and damage human cells by altering mitochondrial function, producing reactive oxygen, and increasing membrane permeability, leading to toxic effects and chronic disease. Therefore, more research needs to be done on the development of food packaging coatings with consideration given to the main parameters affecting nanoparticles migration.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

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