scholarly journals Wolbachia-conferred antiviral protection is determined by developmental temperature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Chrostek ◽  
Nelson Martins ◽  
Marta S Marialva ◽  
Luis Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Developmental Temperature ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractWolbachia is a maternally transmitted bacterium widespread in arthropods and filarial nematodes, and confers strong antiviral protection in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects. Wolbachia-transinfected Aedes aegypti are currently being deployed to fight transmission of dengue and Zika viruses. However, the mechanism of antiviral protection and factors influencing it are still not fully understood. Here we show that temperature modulates Wolbachia-conferred protection in Drosophila melanogaster. Temperature after infection directly impacts Drosophila C virus replication and modulates Wolbachia protection. At higher temperatures virus proliferates more and is more lethal, while Wolbachia confers lower protection. Strikingly, host developmental temperature is a determinant of Wolbachia-conferred antiviral protection. While there is a strong protection when flies are raised from egg to adult at 25°C, the protection is highly reduced or completely abolished when flies develop at 18°C. However, Wolbachia-induced changes during development are not sufficient to limit virus-induced mortality, as Wolbachia is still required to be present in adults at the time of infection. This developmental effect is general, since it was present in different host genotypes, Wolbachia variants and upon infection with different viruses. Overall, we show that Wolbachia-conferred antiviral protection is temperature dependent, being present or absent depending on the environmental conditions. This interaction likely impacts Wolbachia-host interactions in nature and, as a result, frequencies of host and symbionts in different climates. Dependence of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking on developmental temperature could be used to dissect the mechanistic bases of protection and should be considered by programmes deploying Wolbachia as an antiviral agent in the field.Significance StatementInsects are often infected with beneficial intracellular bacteria. The bacterium Wolbachia can protect insects from pathogenic viruses. This effect can be used to prevent transmission of dengue and Zika viruses by Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. To deploy Wolbachia in the field successfully and understand the biology of insects in the wild we need to discover which factors affect Wolbachia-conferred antiviral protection. Here we show that the temperature in which insects develop from eggs to adults can determine presence or absence of antiviral protection. The environment, therefore, influences this insect-bacterium interaction. Our work may help to provide insights into the mechanism of viral blocking by Wolbachia and inform programs using Wolbachia in mosquito-borne disease control.

scholarly journals Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Sineewanlaya Wichit ◽  
Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth ◽  
Rodolphe Hamel ◽  
Sakda Yainoy ◽  
Siwaret Arikit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Chikungunya and Zika viruses, both transmitted by mosquito vectors, have globally re-emerged over for the last 60 years and resulted in crucial social and economic concerns. Presently, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine against these debilitating viruses. Understanding viral–host interactions is needed to develop targeted therapeutics. However, there is presently limited information in this area. In this review, we start with the updated virology and replication cycle of each virus. Transmission by similar mosquito vectors, frequent co-circulation, and occurrence of co-infection are summarized. Finally, the targeted host proteins/factors used by the viruses are discussed. There is an urgent need to better understand the virus–host interactions that will facilitate antiviral drug development and thus reduce the global burden of infections caused by arboviruses.

scholarly journals Repeated stress exposure results in a survival–reproduction trade-off in Drosophila melanogaster

2009 ◽  
Vol 277 (1683) ◽  
pp. 963-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie E. Marshall ◽  
Brent J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Future Reproduction

While insect cold tolerance has been well studied, the vast majority of work has focused on the effects of a single cold exposure. However, many abiotic environmental stresses, including temperature, fluctuate within an organism's lifespan. Given that organisms may trade-off survival at the cost of future reproduction, we investigated the effects of multiple cold exposures on survival and fertility in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster . We found that multiple cold exposures significantly decreased mortality compared with the same length of exposure in a single sustained bout, but significantly decreased fecundity (as measured by r , the intrinsic rate of increase) as well, owing to a shift in sex ratio. This change was reflected in a long-term decrease in glycogen stores in multiply exposed flies, while a brief effect on triglyceride stores was observed, suggesting flies are reallocating energy stores. Given that many environments are not static, this trade-off indicates that investigating the effects of repeated stress exposure is important for understanding and predicting physiological responses in the wild.

scholarly journals A novel repressor of P element transposition in Drosophila melanogaster

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD M. BADGE ◽  
JOHN F. Y. BROOKFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Full Length ◽  
P Element ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
P Elements

We have discovered, in an inbred line (Loua) of Drosophila melanogaster from Zaïre, a third chromosome showing unusual P element repression. Repression of P element transposition by this chromosome, named Loua3, is dominant zygotic and has three unusual properties. Firstly, its repression of the gonadal dysgenesis caused by a strong P haplotype is strongly temperature-dependent, being most evident at higher rearing temperatures. Secondly, subdivision of Loua3 by recombination abolishes repression: the effect is apparently a function of the intact chromosome. Finally, Loua3 also diminishes somatic lethality when chromosomes carrying many ‘ammunition’ elements (Birmingham2) are exposed to the constitutive transposase source Δ2-3(99B). The chromosome has 17 P elements, none full-length, located in at least 12 dispersed positions.

scholarly journals A single nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the Atlantic salmon gill through smoltification and seawater transfer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. West ◽  
Yasutaka Mizoro ◽  
Shona H. Wood ◽  
Louise M. Ince ◽  
Marianne Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Freshwater Environments ◽  
Transcriptomic Studies

AbstractAnadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, the extending photoperiods of spring stimulates smoltification, typified by radical reprogramming of the gill from an ion-absorbing organ to ion-excreting organ. Prior work has highlighted the role of specialized “mitochondrion-rich” cells in delivering this phenotype. However, transcriptomic studies identify thousands of smoltification-driven differentially regulated genes, indicating that smoltification causes a multifaceted, multicellular change; but direct evidence of this is lacking.Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the Atlantic salmon gill during smoltification and seawater transfer. We identify 20 distinct clusters of nuclei, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-induced changes in gene expression. We also show how cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify a reduction of several immune-related cells. Overall, our results provide unrivaled detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming directly preceding seawater entry.

scholarly journals REPRODUCTION IN CAGE POPULATIONS OF A POLYMORPHISM REGULARLY OBSERVED IN THE NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IN FRANCE

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-759
Author(s):  
Annie Fleuriet
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Co2 Sensitivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Strong Forces

ABSTRACT Polymorphism for both alleles of a gene ref(2)P, which is a usual trait of French natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, can be reproduced in experimental conditions. ref(2)P is a gene for resistance to the hereditary, noncontagious Rhabdovirus α, responsible for CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. The equilibrium frequencies observed in cages are the same as in the wild, whether α virus is present or not. The rapid rate of return to these equilibrium frequencies indicates that strong forces, which remain to be determined, are responsible for the maintenance of this polymorphism.

scholarly journals Temperature-dependent nanomechanics and topography of bacteriophage T7

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Vörös ◽  
Gabriella Csík ◽  
Levente Herényi ◽  
Miklós Kellermayer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Partial Denaturation ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
T7 Bacteriophage

AbstractViruses are nanoscale infectious agents which may be inactivated by heat treatment. Although heat inactivation is thought to be caused by the release of genetic material from the capsid, the thermally-induced structural changes in viruses are little known. Here we measured the heat-induced changes in the properties of T7 bacteriophage particles exposed to two-stage (65 °C and 80 °C) thermal effect by using AFM-based nanomechanical and topographical measurements. We found that exposure to 65 °C caused the release of genomic DNA due to the loss of the capsid tail which leads to a destabilization of the T7 particles. Further heating to 80 °C surprisingly led to an increase in mechanical stability due to partial denaturation of the capsomeric proteins kept within the global capsid arrangement.

The development of the sensory neuron pattern in the antennal disc of wild-type and mutant (lz3, ssa) Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1075
Author(s):  
M.C. Lienhard ◽  
R.F. Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Antennal Segment ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Homeotic Mutant ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antennal Disc ◽  
Antennal Nerve

The development of the sensory neuron pattern in the antennal disc of Drosophila melanogaster was studied with a neuron-specific monoclonal antibody (22C10). In the wild type, the earliest neurons become visible 3 h after pupariation, much later than in other imaginal discs. They lie in the center of the disc and correspond to the neurons of the adult aristal sensillum. Their axons join the larval antennal nerve and seem to establish the first connection towards the brain. Later on, three clusters of neurons appear in the periphery of the disc. Two of them most likely give rise to the Johnston's organ in the second antennal segment. Neurons of the olfactory third antennal segment are formed only after eversion of the antennal disc (clusters t1-t3). The adult pattern of antennal neurons is established at about 27% of metamorphosis. In the mutant lozenge3 (lz3), which lacks basiconic antennal sensilla, cluster t3 fails to develop. This indicates that, in the wild type, a homogeneous group of basiconic sensilla is formed by cluster t3. The possible role of the lozenge gene in sensillar determination is discussed. The homeotic mutant spineless-aristapedia (ssa) transforms the arista into a leg-like tarsus. Unlike leg discs, neurons are missing in the larval antennal disc of ssa. However, the first neurons differentiate earlier than in normal antennal discs. Despite these changes, the pattern of afferents in the ectopic tarsus appears leg specific, whereas in the non-transformed antennal segments a normal antennal pattern is formed. This suggests that neither larval leg neurons nor early aristal neurons are essential for the outgrowth of subsequent afferents.

scholarly journals Strong responses of Drosophila melanogaster microbiota to developmental temperature

Fly ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda N. Moghadam ◽  
Pia Mai Thorshauge ◽  
Torsten N. Kristensen ◽  
Nadieh de Jonge ◽  
Simon Bahrndorff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Developmental Temperature
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