scholarly journals A computational analysis on Covid-19 transmission raises imuuno-epidemiology concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Kyriakopoulos ◽  
Shi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Younger Age

AbstractFor Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) the investigation of the heterogeneity of individual infectiousness becomes important due to the cross reactive immunity of general population. Using a sample of infected population with SARS-COV-2 in close geographical proximity to the initial Severe Advanced Respiratory Syndrome-1 (SARS-1) outbreak, we explored the association between infector’s age and dispersion (or heterogeneity) of individual infectiousness (k) in order to investigate the relatedness with the age of an individual’s capability to disperse SARS-COV-2. Interestingly, we find a negative association between k and increase of infector’s age. Significantly this becomes more evident for the age group of 20-60 years comparing with the infectors with younger age. This raises important immuno-epidemiology concerns for effectiveness of public health measures to contain the disease.One Sentence SummaryDispersion of Coronavirus Disease-19 in China differed with age.

scholarly journals Computational analysis on Covid-19 transmission escalates into new imuuno-epidemiology considerations.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Kyriakopoulos ◽  
Shi Zhao ◽  
Jinhui Li
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Background For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, the investigation of the heterogeneity of individual infectiousness is important due to the recorded widespread cross reactive immunity of general population that can alter transmission dynamics. We therefore aimed to understand how SARS-COV-2 transmits in the general population in relation to age.DesignUsing a sample of infected population with SARS-COV-2 in close geographical proximity to the initial Severe Advanced Respiratory Syndrome-1 (SARS-1) outbreak, we explored the association between infector’s age and dispersion (or heterogeneity) of individual infectiousness (k) in order to investigate the relatedness with the age of an individual’s capability to disperse SARS-COV-2.ResultsWe have found a negative association between k and increase of infector’s age. Significantly this becomes more evident for the age group of 20-60 years comparing with the infectors of younger age.ConclusionsNon pharmaceutical interventions can be effective to age group between 20-60 years whereas in youngsters and older patients containment of spreading must be made by other means to be effective. Immunity differences between age groups may reflect their differences in heterogeneity predicted by variance in dispersion parameter (k).

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers in General Hospitals and Clinics in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3786
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Yoshihara ◽  
Kazuya Ito ◽  
Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽  
Eunhee Chung ◽  
Izumi Aoyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Second Wave

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. In general, healthcare workers are considered to be at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, the prevalence of COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Japan is not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to examine the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among 2160 healthcare workers in hospitals and clinics that are not designated to treat COVID-19 patients in Japan. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G was 1.2% in August and October 2020 (during and after the second wave of the pandemic in Japan), which is relatively higher than that in the general population in Japan (0.03–0.91%). Because of the higher risk of COVID-19 infection, healthcare workers should be the top priority for further social support and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Mental health in the general population over 1 year of the Covid-19 pandemic: findings from Ireland

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
MI Troya
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated public health measures on mental health is a cause of increasing concern. We have measured indices of mental health among adults in the general population in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) during the period of May 2020-April 2021. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional telephone survey with data collected in ROI during four study waves involving 3,920 participants: Wave 1: May 26-June 17, 2020 (N = 969), Wave 2: July 1-23, 2020 (N = 1014), Wave 3: September 5-28, 2020 (N = 1008), Wave 4: April 16-28, 2021 (N = 929). Participants were recruited from adults resident in RoI, aged 18 years+ using random-digit-dialling of land lines and mobile phones and interviewed by a professional market research organisation (Ipsos MRBI). Data from Waves 1-4 will be presented including trends over the 12-month period. Finding from Waves 1 and 2 are presented here. Mental health was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS), including standard questions on self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Results Of the 1,983 participants from Waves 1-2, 27.7% (n = 549; 95%CI:0.26%-30%) reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, 74 (3.8%;95%CI:3%-5%) disclosed self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Female participants (RR:1.60, 95%CI:1.37-1.87), employed individuals experiencing work change (RR:1.50,95%CI:1.24-1.82), participants cocooning due to a health condition (RR:1.34,95%CI:1.08-1.66), those self-isolating (RR:1.25,95%CI:1.03-1.51) and those reporting moderate-heavy drinking (RR:1.27,95%CI:1.09-1.47) were at increased risk of depression and anxiety symptoms. Participants aged 18-29 and those in the two lowest income categories were most likely to report self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Conclusions The prevalence of țanxiety and depression in the general population has increased relative to pre-pandemic estimates in response to the Covid-19 pandemic and associated public health measures. Key messages In nationally representative telephone surveys of Irish adults conducted following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the prevalence of anxiety and depression is estimated at approximately 30%. Higher than average levels of anxiety or depression were reported in females, those who had experienced a change in their work, individuals cocooning and those with moderate to heavy drinking.

scholarly journals Genomic Epidemiology of the Los Angeles COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longhua Guo​ ◽  
James Boocock​ ◽  
Evann E. Hilt​ ◽  
Sukantha Chandrasekaran​ ◽  
Yi Zhang​ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Measures

Abstract Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global disruption to human health and activity. Being able to trace the early outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 within a locality will inform public health measures and provide insights to contain or prevent the viral transmission to save lives. Investigation of the transmission history requires efficient sequencing methods and analytic strategy, which can be generally useful in the study of viral outbreaks. Methods Los Angeles (LA) County has sustained a large outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To learn about the transmission history, we carried out surveillance viral genome sequencing to determine 142 viral genomes from unique patients seeking care at UCLA Health System. 86 of these genomes are from samples collected before April 19, 2020. Results We found that the early outbreak in LA, as in other international air travel hubs, was seeded by multiple introductions of strains from Asia and Europe. We identified a US-specific strain, B.1.43, which has been found predominantly in California and Washington State. While samples from LA County carry the ancestral B.1.43 genome, viral genomes from neighboring counties in California and from counties in Washington State carry additional mutations, suggesting a potential origin of B.1.43 in Southern California. We quantified the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 over time, and found evidence that the public health measures put in place in LA County to control the virus were effective at preventing transmission, but may have been undermined by the many introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the region. Conclusion Our work demonstrates that genome sequencing can be a powerful tool for investigating outbreaks and informing the public health response. Our results reinforce the critical need for the U.S. to have coordinated inter-state responses to the pandemic.

scholarly journals The Effect of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Mitigation Strategies on Seasonal Respiratory Viruses: A Tale of 2 Large Metropolitan Centers in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C Sherman ◽  
Ahmed Babiker ◽  
Andrew J Sieben ◽  
Alexander Pyden ◽  
James Steinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To assess the impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on seasonal respiratory viruses, absolute case counts and viral reproductive rates from 2019–2020 were compared against previous seasons. Our findings suggest that the public health measures implemented to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission significantly reduced the transmission of other respiratory viruses.

GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND BODY MASS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH ASIANS AND THE GENERAL POPULATION IN GLASGOW

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANFUSA SHAMS ◽  
RORY WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
British Asians ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

A weighted total of 630 pupils aged 14–15 in Glasgow schools, about evenly divided between pupils of South Asian and non-Asian (overwhelmingly British) background, were measured for height and weight and compared with previous results for a similar Glasgow sample aged 30–40. Among 14–15-year-olds, British Asians were not so short compared with non-Asians as among 30–40-year-olds, especially females. Among 30–40-year-old Glasgow Asians only 7% were born in the UK, while among 14–15-year-old Glasgow Asians 86% were so born, indicating that they are the children of migrants. Generational differences in these comparisons cannot be due to positive selection of the migrant generation for height, and are attributed to improved environment, including nutrition and public health measures. This suggests the possibility of corresponding improvements in coronary and diabetic risk.

scholarly journals Anaemia Among Men in Malaysia: Who Are the Most Affected?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Maria Awaluddin ◽  
Nik Adilah Shahein ◽  
Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Azian Mohd Zaki ◽  
Nur Hamizah Nasaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Health Significance

Abstract This study aims to determine the prevalence of anaemia and factors associated with anaemia among men in Malaysia. Data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 was utilized. Haemoglobin level for men aged 15 years and above who gave their consent was measured using HemoCue® Hb 201+ System©. Majority of them (87.2%) were men aged 15-59 years referring to the younger age group. The prevalence of anaemia among men was 12.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9, 14.5). Prevalence was higher in the older men (30.7%; 95% CI: 26.6, 35.1) than the younger men (10.0%; 95% CI: 8.2, 12.2). The multivariable logistic regression observed that anaemia among men was associated with older age (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] = 3.1; 95% CI: 2.1, 4.4) and those with diabetes (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.1). Older men are more affected by anaemia than younger men. Anaemia among older men in Malaysia is considered at the level of moderate to severe public health significance and the likelihood of developing anaemia increases among older men with diabetes. These often-overlooked issues among men need to be detected and treated early to prevent complications and to improve their quality of life.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the Caribbean islands of the Dutch Kingdom: a unique challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Priscilla Maria ◽  
Lung Jeung ◽  
Ashley Duits ◽  
Jamiu Busari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The Caribbean

As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic progresses, countries are depending on one another to acquire knowledge regarding effective measures to contain the virus. Public health measures to suppress transmissions have proven successful in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Implementing and adhering to these interventions is challenging, with governments struggling to find a balance between necessary mitigation and suppression strategies, and interruptions of social-economic activities. While large high-income countries are struggling to keep their health systems and economies moving forward, small island developing states are facing even more significant challenges. Many Caribbean islands, including the six islands within the Dutch Kingdom, have been quick to implement stringent public health measures, yet they are facing unique challenges.

scholarly journals No new community COVID-19 infection in four consecutive weeks: what lesson can be learned from Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1127
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hai Nam ◽  
Pham Nguyen Quy ◽  
Truong-Minh Pham ◽  
Joel Branch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
New Community

Sharing a common land border with China, Vietnam has faced a high risk of transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rapid decision making and robust public health measures were established by the Vietnamese Government to control the situation. As of 17 May 2020, Vietnam reported 320 total confirmed cases of COVID-19, of whom 260 had fully recovered, while the remaining 60 cases were still under treatment. Noteworthy, the current data still confirms zero deaths and within the last 32 consecutive days prior to this submission, there have been no new infections in the country. Valuable lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2003 such as use of quarantine, early recognition and quick response to the infection, and increased awareness of its citizens have put Vietnam in a somewhat better position against COVID-19 compared to other places. Vietnam, at the current time, mulls declaring an end of the current COVID-19 outbreak.

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