scholarly journals Persisting adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Lower Austria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Ladage ◽  
Oliver Harzer ◽  
Peter Engel ◽  
Hannes Winkler ◽  
Ralf J. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin

The prevalence and persistence of adaptive immunity responses following a SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insights into potential population immunity. Adaptive immune responses comprise of antibody-based responses as well as T cell responses mainly addressing viruses and virus-infected human cells, respectively. A comprehensive analysis of both types of adaptive immunity is essential to follow population-based SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. In this study, we assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activities in patients who recovered from a COVID-19 infection in spring and autumn 2020. Here we observed a robust and stable SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune response in both groups with persisting IgA and IgG levels as well as stable T cell activity. Moreover, there was a positive correlation of a lasting immune response with the severity of disease. Our data give evidence for a persisting adaptive immune memory, which suggest a continuing immunity for more than six months post infection.

scholarly journals Adaptive Immune Response to Shigella flexneri 2acydC in Immunocompetent Mice and Mice Lacking Immunoglobulin A

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 2001-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing Sing Way ◽  
Alain C. Borczuk ◽  
Marcia B. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Model System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

ABSTRACT Shigella flexneri cydC, which is deficient in cytochrome bd, was rapidly cleared from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice and was Sereny negative, yet it induced 93% protection against challenge with wild-type S. flexneri. Mice that lack immunoglobulin A (IgA) were fully protected, suggesting that IgA may not be required for adaptive immunity in this model system.

scholarly journals Flagellin-Independent Regulation of Chemokine Host Defense in Campylobacter jejuni-Infected Intestinal Epithelium

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 3437-3447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla A. Johanesen ◽  
Michael B. Dwinell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Autoimmune Neuropathy

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrheal disease throughout the world and the most frequent antecedent of autoimmune neuropathy Guillain-Barré syndrome. While infection is associated with immune memory, little is known regarding the role of the epithelium in targeting dendritic cells (DC) for initiating the appropriate adaptive immune response to C. jejuni. The objective of this study was to define the role for the intestinal epithelium in the induction of the adaptive immune response in C. jejuni infection by assessing the production of DC and T-cell chemoattractants. Human T84 epithelial cells were used as model intestinal epithelia. Infection of T84 cells with C. jejuni dose- and time-dependently up-regulated DC and T-cell chemokine gene transcription and secretion. Induction required live bacteria and was in the physiologically relevant direction for attraction of mucosal immunocytes. C. jejuni-activated NF-κB signaling was shown to be essential for proinflammatory chemokine secretion. Notably, C. jejuni secretion occurred independently of flagellin identification by Toll-like receptor 5. Secretion of a DC chemoattractant by differing clinical C. jejuni isolates suggested adherence/invasion were key virulence determinants of epithelial chemokine secretion. The regulated epithelial expression of DC and T-cell chemoattractants suggests a mechanism for the directed trafficking of immune cells required for the initiation of adaptive immunity in campylobacteriosis. Chemokine secretion occurs despite Campylobacter evasion of the flagellin pattern recognition receptor, suggesting that alternate host defense strategies limit disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Pulsed Radiation Therapy to Improve Systemic Control of Metastatic Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewen He ◽  
Hampartsoum B. Barsoumian ◽  
Duygu Sezen ◽  
Nahum Puebla-Osorio ◽  
Ethan Y. Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Systemic Control

Radiation therapy (RT) is emerging as an interventional modality in the cancer-immunity cycle, augmenting the activation of an adaptive immune response against tumors. RT, particularly in combination with immunotherapy, can enhance immune memory effects and shape the tumor-directed T-cell populations. However, a single cycle of RT delivered to a limited number of polymetastatic lesions is rarely sufficient to achieve systemic control. We hypothesize that several rounds of RT, akin to several rounds of immunotherapeutic drugs, is likely to provide greater clinical benefit to patients with metastatic disease. We propose that the repeated exposure to tumor antigens released by “pulsed-RT” (i.e., treating 2-4 tumor lesions with 3 irradiation cycles given one month apart) may amplify the adaptive immune response by expanding the tumor-specific T-cell receptor repertoire, the production of high-affinity tumor antibodies, and the generation of memory lymphocytes and thereby improve immune control of systemic disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Human T cell Epitopes: adaptive immune response against COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Grifoni ◽  
John Sidney ◽  
Randi Vita ◽  
Bjoern Peters ◽  
Shane Crotty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human T Cell

scholarly journals IMGT® Biocuration and Comparative Analysis of Bos taurus and Ovis aries TRA/TRD Loci

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Perrine Pégorier ◽  
Morgane Bertignac ◽  
Viviane Nguefack Ngoune ◽  
Géraldine Folch ◽  
Joumana Jabado-Michaloud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptors ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Cell Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The adaptive immune response provides the vertebrate immune system with the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens to generate immunity, and mount stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered. T cell receptors are the antigen receptors of the adaptive immune response expressed by T cells, which specifically recognize processed antigens, presented as peptides by the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility (MH) proteins. T cell receptors (TR) are divided into two groups, αβ and γδ, which express distinct TR containing either α and β, or γ and δ chains, respectively. The TRα locus (TRA) and TRδ locus (TRD) of bovine (Bos taurus) and the sheep (Ovis aries) have recently been described and annotated by IMGT® biocurators. The aim of the present study is to present the results of the biocuration and to compare the genes of the TRA/TRD loci among these ruminant species based on the Homo sapiens repertoire. The comparative analysis shows similarities but also differences, including the fact that these two species have a TRA/TRD locus about three times larger than that of humans and therefore have many more genes which may demonstrate duplications and/or deletions during evolution.

Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Lundy ◽  
Alison Gizinski ◽  
David A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases.   This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

Adaptive immunity

2010 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Single Organism

Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidly, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role in host defence against infectious disease. Unlike the innate response, which is triggered by pattern recognition of pathogens, i.e. features that are common to many bacteria or viruses, the adaptive response is triggered by structural features—known as antigens or epitopes—that are typically unique to a single organism....

Adaptive immunity

2020 ◽  
pp. 325-336
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The adaptive immune response is distinguished from the innate immune response by two main features: its capacity to respond flexibly to new, previously unencountered antigens (antigenic specificity), and its enhanced capacity to respond to previously encountered antigens (immunological memory). These two features have provided the focus for much research attention, from the time of Jenner, through Pasteur onwards. Historically, innate and adaptive immune responses have often been treated as separate, with the latter being considered more ‘advanced’ because of its flexibility. It is now clear this not the case, and in recent years the molecular basis for these phenomena has become much better understood.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Dysregulated Humoral and Cellular Immunity by SARS-CoV-2

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1027
Author(s):  
Nima Taefehshokr ◽  
Sina Taefehshokr ◽  
Bryan Heit
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in December 2019 in China, and has led to thousands of mortalities globally each day. While the innate immune response serves as the first line of defense, viral clearance requires activation of adaptive immunity, which employs B and T cells to provide sanitizing immunity. SARS-CoV-2 has a potent arsenal of mechanisms used to counter this adaptive immune response through processes, such as T cells depletion and T cell exhaustion. These phenomena are most often observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients, pointing towards a link between T cell function and disease severity. Moreover, neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell responses may be short lived in many SARS-CoV-2 patients, potentially exposing these patients to re-infection. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of B and T cells immune responses and activity in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.

TAA/ecdCD40L VPP Vaccination Induces Robust Adaptive Immune Response Even in Individuals with Post Transplantation Lymphopenia

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 363-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Hae Han ◽  
Yucheng Tang ◽  
Yeon Hee Park ◽  
Jonathan Maynard ◽  
Pingchuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Leukemia Cell Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cd40l Expression ◽  
Robust Adaptive

Abstract Individuals of advanced chronological age exhibit an impaired immune response to vaccines. This may be due to a reduction in the ratio of antigen naïve/memory CD4 and CD8 T cells and acquisition of functional defects in activated “helper” CD4 T cells (eg diminished CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression) during the aging process. The absence of the CD40L on activated CD4 helper T cells reduces the magnitude of expansion of antigen specific T and B cells induced by vaccination. In order to circumvent this defective response to vaccines among individuals in the fifth and sixth decades of life, our laboratory has developed an adenoviral vector (Ad-sig-TAA/ecdCD40L) vaccine which is designed to overcome the absence of CD40L expression in activated CD4 helper T cells in older individuals. The subcutaneous (sc) injection of this vector leads to the release of a fusion protein composed of a TAA linked to the extracellular domain (ecd) of the CD40L, which binds to the CD40 receptor on DCs, activates the DCs, and leads to the presentation of TAA fragments on Class I MHC. Two sc injections of the TAA/ecdCD40L protein as a booster following the sc administration of the Ad-sig-TAA/ecdCD40L vector (we call this the TAA/ecdCD40L VPP vaccine) expands the magnitude of the cellular and humoral immune response induced by the vector in 18 month old aged mice as well as in younger mice. In order to explore ways of further amplifying the immune response induced by this vaccine, we decided to test the feasibility of using this vaccine following treatments which reduce the number of T cells in the body of the test subject. We hypothesized that during states of chemotherapy or radiation induced lymphopenia, the number of negative regulatory CD4CD25FoxP3 T cells would be reduced, and all of the regulatory signals in the T cell compartment would be promoting expansion of T cells, thus creating an ideal state for vaccination. To test this hypothesis, we injected 100,000 cells from an established neoplastic cell line sc. Three days later, we administered myeloablative doses of total body irradiation (TBI) followed by a T cell depleted syngeneic bone marrow transplant (TCDBMT) to reconstitute neutrophil and platelet production. Three days following the TBI and TCDBMT, we intravenously infused donor lymphocytes (DLI) from a TAA/ ecdCD40L VPP vaccinated syngeneic donor. Four weeks later, we vaccinated the recipient mouse further with TAA/ecdCD40L sc injections. We tested this for a TAA composed of a junctional peptide from the p210Bcr-Abl protein of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and for the E7 protein of the human papilloma virus (HPV). We found that in the case of the BcrAbl/ecdCD40L VPP vaccine, 50% of the mice treated with TBI, TCDBMT, ten million lymphocytes (DLI) from BcrAbl/ecdCD40L VPP vaccinated syngeneic donors followed in 4 weeks by 3 BcrAbl/ecdCD40L protein sc injections of the recipient test mouse, developed a complete response with the vaccination and that these mice remained disease free beyond 250 days after injection of the P210Bcr-Abl positive 32D leukemia cells, whereas C56BL/6J test mice treated with TBI and TCDBMT without DLI from vaccinated donors nor sc BcrAbl/ecdCD40L sc booster vaccination following injection with the p210Bcr-Abl positive 32D myeloid leukemia cell line all died by day 32. Mice treated with TBI, TCDBMT, DLI from unvaccinated donors followed by vaccination of the recipient with 3 sc BcrAbl/ecdCD40L protein injections exhibited a degree of leukemia suppression that was equal to mice receiving TBI, TCDBMT, DLI from a BcrAbl/ecdCD40L VPP vaccinated donor and BcrAbl/ecdCD40L vaccination. To test the effect of the TAA/ecdCD40L VPP vaccine against an antigen associated with an epithelial neoplasm, we injected 100,000 E7 positive TC-1 mouse cancer cells into syngeneic C57BL6J mice followed in 3–5 days by myeloablative doses of TBI and engrafting doses of TCDBMT. Three days later, the mice received 10 million spleen cells from syngeneic donor mice previously vaccinated with the E7/ecdCD40L VPP vaccine. Finally, 4 weeks later, the test mice received sc E7/ecdCD40L protein booster injections. The vaccinated mice achieved much greater degrees of tumor suppression than was seen following TBI and TCDBMT without DLI from vaccinated donors. These studies show that it is possible to induce a robust adaptive immune response by vaccination with the TAA/ecdCD40L VPP vaccine even in severely lymphopenic individuals.

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