scholarly journals Multiplexed VaxArray Immunoassay for Rapid Antigen Quantification in Measles and Rubella Vaccine Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob H. Gillis ◽  
Keely N. Thomas ◽  
Senthilkumar Manoharan ◽  
Mallikarjuna Panchakshari ◽  
Amber W. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Microarray Immunoassay ◽  
Endpoint Assay ◽  
Time To Delivery

ABSTRACTMeasles-containing vaccines (MCV), specifically vaccines against measles and rubella (MR), are extremely effective and critical for the eradication of measles and rubella diseases. In developed countries, vaccination rates are high and vaccines are readily available, but continued high prevalence of both diseases in developing countries and surges in measles deaths in recent years have highlighted the need to expand vaccination efforts. To meet demand for additional vaccines at a globally affordable price, it is highly desirable to streamline vaccine production thereby reducing cost and speeding up time to delivery. MR vaccine characterization currently relies on the 50% cell culture infectious dose (CCID50) assay, an endpoint assay with low reproducibility that requires 10-14 days to complete. For streamlining bioprocess analysis and improving measurement precision relative to CCID50, we developed the VaxArray Measles and Rubella assay kit, which is based on a multiplexed microarray immunoassay with a 5-hour time to result. Here we demonstrate vaccine-relevant sensitivity ranging from 345 – 800 IFU/mL up to 100,000 IFU/mL and specificity that allows simultaneous analysis in bivalent vaccine samples. The assay is sensitive to antigen stability and has minimal interference from common vaccine additives. The assay exhibits high reproducibility and repeatability, with 15% CV, much lower than the typical 0.3 log10 error (~65%) observed for the CCID50 assay. The intact protein concentration measured by VaxArray is reasonably correlated to, but not equivalent to, CCID50 infectivity measurements for harvest samples. However, the measured protein concentration exhibits equivalency to CCID50 for more purified samples, including concentrated virus pools and monovalent bulks, making the assay a useful new tool for same-day analysis of vaccine samples for bioprocess development, optimization, and monitoring.

scholarly journals INFORMATION ABOUT SCIENTIFIC STUDDING LEVEL ON PROBLEM OF HYPERTENSION-MEDIATED ORGAN DAMAGE IN MONGOLIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
T. M. Maksikova ◽  
Ts. Barsuren ◽  
A. N. Kalyagin ◽  
E. B. Babanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
International Studies ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Damage Structure ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations

Despite of arterial hypertension high prevalence and its complications in Mongolia, the epidemiology and structure of hypertension-mediated organ damage remains insufficiently studied. Aim. To assess elaboration level of the problem of AH-associated hypertension-mediated organ damage in Mongolia. Materials and methods. Leading international guidelines and recommendations, reviews, meta-analyzes, randomized controlled, population-based research and Mongolian scientific papers with different evidential value, related to hypertension-mediated organ damage were analyzed. Results and discussion. In developed countries, hypertension-mediated organ damage structure and their contribution to total cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with hypertension is well studied. In 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension hypertension-mediated organ damage criteria were only slightly extended. Data on arterial hypertension epidemiology, including hypertension-mediated organ damage structure, in Mongolian population, mainly obtained from ethnic Mongols living in the territory of Inner Mongolia and other provinces of China, or in international studies with Mongolia participation. Directly in Mongolia, hypertension-mediated organ damage were studied in small samples; a systemic epidemiological analysis of hypertension-mediated organ damage was not carried out. Conclusions. Given arterial hypertension significance in Mongolia and insufficient scientific elaboration of problem, population studies are needed to clarify hypertension-mediated organ damage prevalence and structure in order for improving arterial hypertension management.

scholarly journals Comparative Prevalence Studies of Hepatitis C Patients in Developing Vs Developed Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Umer Tahir ◽  
Qurat Ul Ain ◽  
Rai Waqas ◽  
Irfan Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Hcv Prevalence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World

Viral hepatitis is one of the common transmissible causes of chronic liver responsible for increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Hepatitis C disease has worldwide high prevalence which is more fatal because of lack of vaccination availability. Present study was conducted with the aim of to address the comparative prevalence and risk factor of hepatitis C. Secondary objective was to evaluate the prevalence of this disease in Pakistan as compared to other countries. Most of the countries in the world do not have significant studies of population infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV). During 1990-2016, 232 studies were included; containing 117 countries representing that 90% of the world population have 2.3% prevalence. According to studies, developed countries have low HCV prevalence while developing countries have high prevalence. Pakistan being a developing country has second highest HCV prevalence ranging from 4.5 to 8%. The reason of this high prevalence is unawareness about Hepatitis C in community and lack of successful therapies for patients with HCV. In past, developed countries had high prevalence but now they have low incidence because of proper system and awareness. Pakistan needs such kind of public awareness programs and better treatment facilities at affordable price to community.Tahir et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, November 2016, 5(12): 106-110http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue12/02.pdf

scholarly journals Incidence of Common and Rare Cancers in Ilorin, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abass T. ANIFOWOSHE ◽  
Olubukola A. OWOLODUN ◽  
Bashirudeen O. OYINLOLA ◽  
Kazeem ABDULGANIYU ◽  
Robiat D. YUSUF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine System ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Leading Position

Cancer is a public health problem worldwide, affecting all categories of persons. It is the second common cause of death in developed countries and among the three leading causes of death in developing countries. Due to its genetics and medical importance, study on its incidence is germane. In the present study, 74 different cancers of 2,246 (n = 891 male and n = 1355 female) cancer patients within the age of 1-105 in Nigeria were retrospectively reviewed using the data from University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH). The overall profile of the categories showed the leading position of breast cancer, followed by cancer of the digestive system (32.29% and 19.67%, respectively), while Kaposi sarcoma, endocrine system and brain cancers were among the rare or least recorded (<1.0% incidence rate). Furthermore, the trend showed a high prevalence during 2011 and 2015 (>13% and >11%) than any other year within the study, while the lowest incidence was recorded in 2016 (<6%). Predisposing factors like tumorigenesis, immune system, biological stressors as well as gene-environment interaction and low life expectancy could influence the risk of different groups of cancer. Therefore, future investigations should be targeted on risk factors related to those considered rare so as to provide useful information about possible signs and symptoms for diagnosis before it escalate.

scholarly journals High prevalence of precocious menarche in Puerto Barrios, Guatemala

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmundo Torres-González ◽  
Griselda López ◽  
Britton Trabert ◽  
Hong Lou ◽  
Sarita Polo Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Guatemala City ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
High Fraction

AbstractBackgroundAge of menarche is variable between women with a median age of 14 years old worldwide, and averages ranging from 12-13 years old in developed countries to 15-16 years old in low and middle-income countries. Precocious menarche, occurring before age 11, is rare, with a prevalence of 1.4 to 2.3% in most worldwide populations. Precocious menarche is poorly understood but is associated with early puberty and is a risk factor for pre-teen birth. In studying HPV prevalence in Latin America, we identified a community with a very high rate of precocious menarche.Objective(s)Describe the patterns of precocious menarche in Guatemala.Study DesignReproductive histories were collected from 3385 cancer-free women at the time of routine Pap smear from 4 sites in Guatemala including hospitals in Guatemala City and Puerto Barrios, Izabal. Statistical analyses included determination of the age-specific prevalence of menarche and linear regression to determine the effect of year of birth, study site, number of births and miscarriages, on the age at menarche.ResultsCompared with a low prevalence of precocious menarche observed in Guatemala City (3.1%, 88/2834), we observed a high prevalence of precocious menarche in the city of Puerto Barrios, Izabal, Guatemala (88%, 486/551). We observed a high prevalence of precocious menarche in Puerto Barrios across all age groups. In contrast in Guatemala City, the median age at menarche declined from the age of 14 in 50-60-year-old women to 13 in women under 40 years of age. Hospital records show that the occurrence of both miscarriage and pregnancy under age 14 is substantially higher in Izabal. In addition, the main public hospital in Puerto Barrios accounts for a high fraction of the early pregnancies and miscarriages seen in Guatemala.ConclusionsIn Puerto Barrios, Izabal, Guatemala, the prevalence of menarche before age 11 is dramatically elevated compared to Guatemala City and substantially higher than other worldwide populations. We observed precocious menarche in Puerto Barrios in all age groups examined, indicating that this condition has been common for decades. This finding is supported by the comparatively higher occurrence of early pregnancy and miscarriage in Puerto Barrios compared with Guatemala City. The cause is unknown, but precocious menarche is associated with adverse reproductive outcome in young women and warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Neuroactive Molecules in the Etiology of Postpartum Depression. An overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2885-2888
Author(s):  
Mihaela Gabriela Stefan ◽  
Carmen Elena Condrat ◽  
Lavinia Gusa ◽  
Oana Daniela Toader ◽  
Andrei-Dennis Voichitoiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
New Methods ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Risk Patients

Postpartum depression is a serious and frequent condition that affects a significant proportion of new mothers in developed countries. Despite its high prevalence and proven deleterious outcomes for both mother and child, there remains an increasing need to expand our knowledge regarding new methods that ensure the discovery of at-risk patients. Many theories have been developed over the years, mainly focusing on hormonal imbalances that occur after childbirth. This review has the purpose to analyze the existing literature and to summarize the latest findings on neuroactive molecules which may predict postpartum depression in new mothers.

scholarly journals Efficacy of once a week versus daily supplementation of 200 mg of ferrous sulphate for control of anaemia in school going menstruating adolescent girls

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3123
Author(s):  
Sangeeta A. Moreshwar ◽  
Vijaya A. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Daily Group ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Background: Anaemia is one of the most common global public health problem among adolescents affecting developing and developed countries with major consequences for health as well as socio-economic development. India accounts for high prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls. The objective of the study was to find the efficacy of once a week vs. daily oral iron supplementation of 200 mg of ferrous sulphate, in terms of increase in haemoglobin levels, in mild and moderate anaemic menstruating adolescent girls.Methods: Total 588 menstruating adolescent girls studying in selected eight schools of Handignur PHC were included in the study. Structured questionnaire was administered. Haemoglobin estimation was done at baseline, one, two and three months of iron supplementation. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16.0 version. Intention to treat analysis was carried out.Results: Prevalence of anaemia in menstruating adolescent girls was 94.6% (95% CI 92.83 to 96.37). There has been statistically significant increase in mean haemoglobin in daily at the end of two and three months of supplementation (p<0.001). At the end of three months of iron supplementation haemoglobin values became normal at 75th percentile in daily group and at 90th percentile in weekly group.Conclusions: The present study concludes that daily iron supplementation results in much higher levels of haemoglobin at the end of three months when compared with once a week supplementation. All the adolescent girls need iron supplementation-daily for anaemic and once a week for non-anaemic girls.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associations of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district, northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽  
Ayele Mamo Abebe ◽  
Kirubel Dagnaw Tegegne ◽  
Mikiyas Amare Getu ◽  
Woldemichael Tadesse Bihonegn
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Active Trachoma ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Background: Trachoma is a neglected eye disease and an important cause of preventable corneal blindness. In endemic areas, initial infection can occur in early childhood and following recurrent episodes, it progresses to scarring and visual impairment. Trachoma disappeared from developed countries through enhancements of hygiene and sanitation but the disease is still a challenge in developing countries. In Ethiopia, data indicate that Amhara is the region with the highest prevalence of active trachoma. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associations of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district, Amhara region, Ethiopia.Methods: In this study, 596 children were screened for signs of active trachoma by using cluster-sampling technique. Following pre-testing of the survey instrument in a different district, questions about socio-demographic status were delivered for heads of households. Integrated eye care workers, previously trained to undertake trachoma screening for one month, performed eye examination. The logistic regression model was used to look for associations of active trachoma.Results: The prevalence of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district was 22%. Low economic status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.8 (95% CI 1.3–11.4), being 37– 48 months old (4.2; 1.5–12.0), living in a house with thatched roof (4.4;1.4–13.6), presence of flies in a home (4.6;2.1–9.9), once-weekly face-washing frequency (8.6;2.5–29.3), having a face that had not been washed for longer than a week (10.6;2.9–37.7), and not using soap (4.5;1.8–11.3) had association to active trachomaConclusion: The prevalence of active trachoma among rural pre-school children in Wadla district was high. This indicates that Trachoma is still a public health problem in the district. This high prevalence calls for further interventions to prevent future trachomatis blindness.

scholarly journals The relationship of obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular diseases from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 2405
Author(s):  
М. V. Agaltsov ◽  
O. M. Drapkina
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The results of prospective studies, meta-analyzes and systematic reviews on the associations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were analyzed. Currently, the mechanisms related to high prevalence of breathing-related sleep disorders among population of economically developed countries are clear, and an increase in the number of OSA patients has been shown. The relationship between OSA and CVD has been widely confirmed in large cohort studies. The first review part discusses the relationship of hypertension (HTN) and various heart arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation (AF), bradyarrhythmias, premature ventricular contraction, sudden death during sleep) with breathing-related sleep disorders. These groups of cardiovascular disorders currently show the most proven relationship with sleep apnea. In addition to cross-sectional studies indicating the high prevalence of OSA in patients with HTN and AF, some observational studies indicate an increase in the number of patients with HTN and paroxysmal AF with history of untreated sleep apnea. An analysis of the current issues of OSA phenotypes (in particular, REM-related OSA in hypertensive patients) as the most unfavorable cardiovascular factors is carried out.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population of Mullana, district Ambala, Haryana, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Nitesh Pradhan ◽  
Abhishek Sachdeva ◽  
Tushar Goel ◽  
Sahil Arora ◽  
Shekhar Barua
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of avoidable blindness in developing and developed countries. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF)’s Diabetes Atlas reports that India has the highest number of people with diabetes (nearly 25%) in the world, and hence considered to be the “Diabetes Capital of the World”.Methods: This is a hospital record based study was planned to estimate the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in various age groups in rural population of Mullana, District Ambala(Haryana).Results: Out of 1050 patients screened 50 were found to be having Diabetes mellitus (DM) 1000 were non-diabetic i.e. prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) was found to be 4.76%. Out of 362 males screened 22 were suffering from Diabetes mellitus (DM) i.e. prevalence of 6.07%. Whereas out of 688 females screened 28 were suffering from Diabetes mellitus (DM) i.e. prevalence of 4.06%. Prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in males was found to be maximum in age group of more than 70 years i.e. 6.97% as compare to female i.e.5.29%.Conclusions: Thus, the current study recorded high prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) among rural population which should be a cause of concern for health care providers. 

scholarly journals Vaccine hesitancy: An overview on parents' opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Annalisa Orlando ◽  
Maria Paola Bertuccio ◽  
Pasquale Spataro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Vaccine Refusal ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Real Composition ◽  
Coverage Rates ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Design And Methods

Background. Vaccine hesitancy has increased worldwide with a subsequent decreasing of vaccination rates and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases (i.e. measles, poliomyelitis and pertussis) in several developed countries, including Italy. Design and Methods. We conducted a survey to investigate the attitudes of a parents’ sample about vaccinations by the distribution of questionnaires in six lower secondary schools of the Italian city of Messina. Results. Regarding vaccinations carried out on children, the declared vaccination coverage rates ranged widely between good coverage percentages for some vaccinations (Measles-Mumps-Rubella, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis), and very low coverage rates for others, especially for “new” vaccinations (HPV, meningococcal, pneumococcal). The vaccinations carried out correlated negatively with both parents’ age and their level of education. Moreover, a favourable parents’ opinion was strongly influenced by a favourable opinion of the physician, while an unfavourable parents’ opinion seemed conditioned by a direct or indirect knowledge of people harmed by vaccines. In addition, our data show that parents do not often know or partially know the real composition of the vaccines and the diseases prevented by vaccinations. Conclusions. Data analysis shows that parents are, theoretically, favourable towards vaccinations but have little knowledge of such practices, sometimes not being unaware of the types of vaccines administrated to their children. Health education and communication of correct information are certainly the cornerstones to improve the situation and to fight the widespread and non-grounded fears about vaccines.

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