scholarly journals A stochastic pooling motif mediates information transfer from receptor assemblies into NF-κB

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Agustin Cruz ◽  
Chaitanya S. Mokashi ◽  
Gabriel J. Kowalczyk ◽  
Yue Guo ◽  
Qiuhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Protein Assemblies ◽  
Receptor Associated Protein ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Stochastic Pooling

A myriad of inflammatory cytokines regulate signaling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. The IKK complex is an integration hub for cytokines that govern NF-κB signaling. In response to inflammation, IKK is activated through recruitment to receptor-associated protein assemblies. How and what information IKK complexes transmit about the milieu are open questions. Here we track dynamics of IKK complexes and nuclear NF-κB to identify upstream signaling features that determine same-cell responses. Experiments and modeling of single complexes reveal their size, number, and timing relays cytokine-specific control over shared signaling mechanisms with feedback regulation that is independent of transcription. Our results provide evidence for variable gain stochastic pooling, a noise-reducing motif that enables cytokine-specific regulation and parsimonious information transfer. We propose that emergent properties of stochastic pooling are general principles of receptor signaling that have evolved for constructive information transmission in noisy molecular environments.

scholarly journals A variable-gain stochastic pooling motif mediates information transfer from receptor assemblies into NF-κB

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (30) ◽  
pp. eabi9410
Author(s):  
J. Agustin Cruz ◽  
Chaitanya S. Mokashi ◽  
Gabriel J. Kowalczyk ◽  
Yue Guo ◽  
Qiuhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Receptor Associated Protein ◽  
Variable Gain ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Iκb Kinase ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Stochastic Pooling

A myriad of inflammatory cytokines regulate signaling pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. The IκB kinase (IKK) complex is an integration hub for cytokines that govern nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. In response to inflammation, IKK is activated through recruitment to receptor-associated protein assemblies. How and what information IKK complexes transmit about the milieu are open questions. Here, we track dynamics of IKK complexes and nuclear NF-κB to identify upstream signaling features that determine same-cell responses. Experiments and modeling of single complexes reveal their size, number, and timing relays cytokine-specific control over shared signaling mechanisms with feedback regulation that is independent of transcription. Our results provide evidence for variable-gain stochastic pooling, a noise-reducing motif that enables cytokine-specific regulation and parsimonious information transfer. We propose that emergent properties of stochastic pooling are general principles of receptor signaling that have evolved for constructive information transmission in noisy molecular environments.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-134
Author(s):  
Daniel Oro
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Share Information

Complex social animal groups behave as self-organized, single structures: they feed together, they defend against predators together, they escape from perturbations and disperse and migrate together and they share information. It is modestly evident that many individuals sharing information about their environment may be more successful in coping with perturbations than solitary individuals gathering information on their own. The group exists for and by means of all the individuals, and these exist for and by means of the group. Social groups have emergent properties that cannot be easily explained by either selection or self-organization. Yet, sociality has been shaped by the two forces. How sociality has evolved by selection is puzzling also because it confronts the benefits of the group versus the benefits of the individual, which is a historically debated theme. There are many other open questions about sociality that I have explored in this book. But in the end, the process that has fascinated me the most is social copying. Despite the sophisticated mechanisms evolved in increasing information in social groups—which has culminated in humans with language and technological interconnections—it is impressive how a simple behaviour such as social copying has maintained its strength when individuals make any kind of decisions, from insignificant to transcendent....

scholarly journals Exceptionally stable, redox-active supramolecular protein assemblies with emergent properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 2897-2902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brodin ◽  
J. R. Carr ◽  
P. A. Sontz ◽  
F. A. Tezcan
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Protein Assemblies ◽  
Redox Active

Collective Emotions

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Goldenberg ◽  
David Garcia ◽  
Eran Halperin ◽  
James J. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Emotions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The Individual

When analyzing situations in which multiple people are experiencing emotions together—whether the emotions are positive or negative and whether the situations are online or offline—we are intuitively drawn to the emotions of each individual in the situation. However, this type of analysis often seems incomplete. In many of the cases in which people experience emotions together, there appear to be emergent macrolevel affective processes that cannot be readily captured at the individual level. In this article, we examine these macrolevel affective phenomena, which are termed collective emotions. We open with a general review of research on collective psychological processes. We then define collective emotions and discuss their key features. Next, we focus our attention on the emergent properties of collective emotions and map them using three dimensions: quality, magnitude, and time course. Finally, we discuss pressing open questions and future directions for research on collective emotions.

Integration of signal-transduction processes

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Mooibroek ◽  
Jerry H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
External Signal ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Stimulation ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Signal Cascades ◽  
Reaction Cascades

The adenylate cyclase – cAMP, phospholipase C – IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), and DAG (diacylglycerol) signal transduction systems are used to illustrate general principles underlying the process of information transfer during cell stimulation. Both systems consist of reaction cascades that convert the external signal to an intracellular messenger, translate the messenger to regulatory activities, and then modulate the activities of appropriate cellular proteins to result in specific cell responses. Almost all of these reactions are under second-messenger-dependent regulation, with many being regulated by multiple messengers. Such complex regulation provides ample opportunities for the fine-tuning of the signal cascades and for coordination between cascades during cell stimulation. Specific examples are used to illustrate how the cell uses different intrasystem and intersystem regulatory reactions to achieve specific responses.

scholarly journals Protein length distribution is remarkably consistent across Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Nevers ◽  
Natasha Glover ◽  
Christophe Dessimoz ◽  
Odile Lecompte
Keyword(s):  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Protein Length ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Size Number ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Living Species

AbstractIn every living species, the function of a protein depends on its organisation of structural domains, and the length of a protein is a direct reflection of this. Because every species evolved under different evolutionary pressures, the protein length distribution, much like other genomic features, is expected to vary across species. Here we evaluated this diversity by comparing protein length distribution across 2,326 species (1,688 bacteria, 153 archaea and 485 eukaryotes). We found that proteins tend to be on average slightly longer in eukaryotes than in bacteria or archaea, but that the variation of length distribution across species is low, especially compared to the variation of other genomic features (genome size, number of proteins, gene length, GC content, isoelectric points of proteins). Moreover, most cases of atypical protein length distribution appear to be due to artifactual gene annotation, suggesting the actual variation of protein length distribution across species is even smaller. These results open the way for developing a genome annotation quality metric based on protein length distribution to complement conventional quality measures. Overall, our findings show that protein length distribution between living species is more consistent than previously thought, and provide evidence for a universal purifying selection on protein length, whose mechanism and fitness effect remain intriguing open questions.

scholarly journals Modelling Motility: The Mathematics of Spermatozoa

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn A. Gaffney ◽  
Kenta Ishimoto ◽  
Benjamin J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
New Era ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Sperm Flagellum ◽  
Open Questions

In one of the first examples of how mechanics can inform axonemal mechanism, Machin's study in the 1950s highlighted that observations of sperm motility cannot be explained by molecular motors in the cell membrane, but would instead require motors distributed along the flagellum. Ever since, mechanics and hydrodynamics have been recognised as important in explaining the dynamics, regulation, and guidance of sperm. More recently, the digitisation of sperm videomicroscopy, coupled with numerous modelling and methodological advances, has been bringing forth a new era of scientific discovery in this field. In this review, we survey these advances before highlighting the opportunities that have been generated for both recent research and the development of further open questions, in terms of the detailed characterisation of the sperm flagellum beat and its mechanics, together with the associated impact on cell behaviour. In particular, diverse examples are explored within this theme, ranging from how collective behaviours emerge from individual cell responses, including how these responses are impacted by the local microenvironment, to the integration of separate advances in the fields of flagellar analysis and flagellar mechanics.

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