scholarly journals Reduced seroconversion in children compared to adults with mild COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Quan Toh ◽  
Jeremy Anderson ◽  
Nadia Mazarakis ◽  
Melanie Neeland ◽  
Rachel A Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Pcr Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Age And Sex

Importance: The immune response in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well understood. Objective: To compare seroconversion in children and adults with non-hospitalized (mild) SARS-CoV-2 infection and to understand the factors that influence this. Design: Participants were part of a household cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Weekly nasopharyngeal/throat swabs and blood samples were collected during the acute and convalescent period following PCR diagnosis for analysis. Setting: Participants were recruited at the Royal Childrens Hospital, Melbourne, Australia between May and October 2020. Participants: Those who had a SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive nasal/throat swab. Main outcomes and measures: SARS-CoV-2 antibody and cellular responses in children and adults. Seroconversion was defined by seropositivity in all three serological assays. Results: Among 108 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive participants, 57 were children (median age: 4, IQR 2-10) and 51 were adults (median age: 37, IQR 34-45). Using three established serological assays, a lower proportion of children seroconverted compared with adults [20/54 69 (37.0%) vs 32/42 (76.2%); (p<0.001)]. This was not related to viral load, which was similar in children and adults [mean Ct 28.58 (SD: 6.83) vs 24.14 (SD: 8.47)]. Age and sex also did not influence seroconversion or the magnitude of antibody response within children or adults. Notably, in adults (but not children) symptomatic adults had three-fold higher antibody levels than asymptomatic adults (median 227.5 IU/mL, IQR 133.7-521.6 vs median 75.3 IU/mL, IQR 36.9-113.6). Evidence of cellular immunity was observed in adults who seroconverted but not in children who seroconverted. Conclusion and Relevance: In this non-hospitalized cohort with mild COVID-19, children were less likely to seroconvert than adults despite similar viral loads. This has implications for future protection following COVID-19 infection in children and for interpretation of serosurveys that involve children. Further research to understand why children are less likely to seroconvert and develop symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and comparison with vaccine responses may be of clinical and scientific importance.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Individuals with Antibody Deficiency: Findings From The COV-AD Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian M Shields ◽  
Sian E. Faustini ◽  
Harriet J. Hill ◽  
Saly Al-Taei ◽  
Chloe Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Antibody Deficiency ◽  
Breakthrough Infection ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background Vaccination prevents severe morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in the general population. The immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with antibody deficiency is poorly understood. Objectives COVID in patients with antibody deficiency (COV-AD) is a multi-site United Kingdom study that aims to determine the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients with primary or secondary antibody deficiency, a population that suffers from severe and recurrent infection and does not respond well to vaccination. Methods Individuals on immunoglobulin replacement therapy or with an IgG less than 4g/L receiving antibiotic prophylaxis were recruited from April 2021. Serological and cellular responses were determined using ELISA, live-virus neutralisation and interferon gamma release assays. SARS-CoV-2 infection and clearance were determined by PCR from serial nasopharyngeal swabs. Results 5.6% (n=320) of the cohort reported prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, but only 0.3% remained PCR positive on study entry. Seropositivity, following two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, was 54.8% (n=168) compared with 100% of healthy controls (n=205). The magnitude of the antibody response and its neutralising capacity were both significantly reduced compared to controls. Participants vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine were more likely to be seropositive (65.7% vs 48.0%, p=0.03) and have higher antibody levels compared with the AstraZeneca vaccine (IgGAM ratio 3.73 vs 2.39, p=0.0003). T cell responses post vaccination were demonstrable in 46.2% of participants, were associated with better antibody responses but there was no difference between the two vaccines. Eleven vaccine-breakthrough infections have occurred to date, 10 of them in recipients of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrate reduced immunogenicity in patients with antibody deficiency with evidence of vaccine breakthrough infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Lactation: Assessment of Adverse Events and Vaccine Related Antibodies in Mother-Infant Dyads

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarden Golan ◽  
Mary Prahl ◽  
Arianna G. Cassidy ◽  
Caryl Gay ◽  
Alan H. B. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Automated Immunoassay ◽  
Antibody Levels

BackgroundData regarding symptoms in the lactating mother-infant dyad and their immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during lactation are needed to inform vaccination guidelines.MethodsFrom a prospective cohort of 50 lactating individuals who received mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2), blood and milk samples were collected prior to first vaccination dose, immediately prior to 2nd dose, and 4-10 weeks after 2nd dose. Symptoms in mother and infant were assessed by detailed questionnaires. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in blood and milk were measured by Pylon 3D automated immunoassay and ELISA. In addition, vaccine-related PEGylated proteins in milk were measured by ELISA. Blood samples were collected from a subset of infants whose mothers received the vaccine during lactation (4-15 weeks after mothers’ 2nd dose).ResultsNo severe maternal or infant adverse events were reported in this cohort. Two mothers and two infants were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period before achieving full immune response. PEGylated proteins were not found at significant levels in milk after vaccination. After vaccination, levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM significantly increased in maternal plasma and there was significant transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2-Receptor Binding Domain (anti-RBD) IgA and IgG antibodies to milk. Milk IgA levels after the 2nd dose were negatively associated with infant age. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were not detected in the plasma of infants whose mothers were vaccinated during lactation.ConclusionsCOVID-19 mRNA vaccines generate robust immune responses in plasma and milk of lactating individuals without severe adverse events reported.

scholarly journals HIV and the Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Stout ◽  
Steven J. Rigatti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Similar Risk ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Objective Study ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Importance: Healthy HIV-positive insurance applicants have a similar risk of infection and produce a similar antibody response as HIV-negative applicants infected with COVID-19. Objective: Study the seroprevalence and immune response to COVID-19 in healthy HIV-positive life insurance applicants. Design: From January 2020 to March 2021, we examined the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in all HIV-positive applicants. Antibody levels in 340 age and sex-matched COVID-19 positive applicants, 170 HIV positive and 170 HIV negative, are compared. The data was de-identified of all personal information and separated by month, age and sex. Participants: Self-reported healthy HIV-positive life insurance applicants were tested for antibodies to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Dewald Schoeman ◽  
Burtram C. Fielding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Inhibition Antibody ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Longitudinal analysis of antibody decay in convalescent COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiming Xia ◽  
Mingfei Li ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Lewis E. Kazis ◽  
Kim Berlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Response Capacity ◽  
Index Level ◽  
Abbott Architect

AbstractDetermining the sustainability of antibodies targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for predicting immune response against the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To quantify the antibody decay rates among the varying levels of anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in convalescent COVID-19 patients and estimate the length of time they maintained SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies, we have collected longitudinal blood samples from 943 patients over the course of seven months after their initial detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus by RT-PCR. Anti-N IgG levels were then quantified in these blood samples. The primary study outcome was the comparison of antibody decay rates from convalescent patients with high or low initial levels of antibodies using a mixed linear model. Additional measures include the length of time that patients maintain sustainable levels of anti-N IgG. Antibody quantification of blood samples donated by the same subject multiple times shows a gradual decrease of IgG levels to the cutoff index level of 1.4 signal/cut-off (S/C) on the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG test. In addition, this study shows that antibody reduction rate is dependent on initial IgG levels, and patients with initial IgG levels above 3 S/C show a significant 1.68-fold faster reduction rate compared to those with initial IgG levels below 3 S/C. For a majority of the donors naturally occurring anti-N antibodies were detected above the threshold for only four months after infection with SARS-CoV-2. This study is clinically important for the prediction of immune response capacity in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Maternally Derived Antibody Levels Influence on Vaccine Protection against PCV2d Challenge

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2231
Author(s):  
István Kiss ◽  
Krisztina Szigeti ◽  
Zalán G. Homonnay ◽  
Vivien Tamás ◽  
Han Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Antibody Levels

Piglets from a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stable farm of low and high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV2 were vaccinated either with a whole virus type or a PCV2 ORF2 antigen-based commercial subunit vaccine at three weeks of age. Two non-vaccinated groups served as low and high MDA positive controls. At four weeks post vaccination, all piglets were challenged with a PCV2d-2 type virus strain and were checked for parameters related to vaccine protection over a four-week observation period. MDA levels evidently impacted the outcome of the PCV2d-2 challenge in non-vaccinated animals, while it did not have a significant effect on vaccine-induced protection levels. The humoral immune response developed faster in the whole virus vaccinates than in the subunit vaccinated pigs in the low MDA groups. Further, high MDA levels elicited a stronger negative effect on the vaccine-induced humoral immune response for the subunit vaccine than for the whole virus vaccine. The group-based oral fluid samples and the group mean viraemia and faecal shedding data correlated well, enabling this simple, and animal welfare-friendly sampling method for the evaluation of the PCV2 viral load status of these nursery piglets.

scholarly journals Evaluation of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response in liver tumors - an approach using tumor and peripheral blood samples

HPB ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. S262
Author(s):  
R. Martins ◽  
C. Martín-Sierra ◽  
P. Laranjeira ◽  
A.M. Abrantes ◽  
J.G. Tralhão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Liver Tumors ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
Blood Samples

scholarly journals Determinants of Protection Against Measles Infection in a Vaccinated Healthcare Worker

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s185-s185
Author(s):  
Annie St-Pierre ◽  
Anne-Marie Charron ◽  
Pamela Doyon-Plourde ◽  
Caroline Quach
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Secondary Case ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Equivocal Result ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Care Worker

Background: In 2019, a measles community outbreak resulted in a secondary case in a health care worker (HCW) working in a pediatric hospital in Montral, Canada. Following the event, HCWs were screened to identify individuals susceptible to measles infection based on serology results. Objective: Our aim was to assess measles seroprotection rates and to evaluate vaccine responses of susceptible HCWs using commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods: Emergency department (ED) employees, including doctors, were screened for measles susceptibility as part of a postoutbreak measure by the hospital occupational health service. Demographic information was collected. Measles history and vaccination information were collected using a personal vaccination booklet, employee vaccination profile, or the Qubec vaccination registry. According to the Quebec Immunization Protocol (PIQ), individuals born before 1970, or who have received 2 doses of a measles-containing vaccines are considered protected. Individuals with undetectable or equivocal antibody levels were considered at risk of measles infection. These individuals were offered vaccination and were tested for vaccine response 4 weeks after vaccination. Results: Anti-IgG measles antibody results, demographic information, and vaccination information were obtained for 257 employees. The results are currently available for 233 HCWs: 224 HCWs (96%) were seropositive, 7 (3%) were seronegative, and 2 were equivocal. Among seronegative individuals, 6 (85.7%) were born after 1980 and 3 (42.9%) had received 2 doses of a measles-containing vaccine. Of those with an equivocal result, 1 (50%) had received 2 doses and 1 (50%), born after 1970, did not confirm vaccination status. Finally, 9 (4%) of seropositive individuals were not vaccinated; of whom 8 (88.9%) were born before 1970. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that the 95% immunity threshold that is usually required to prevent secondary transmission of measles has been reached in our ED HCW cohort. Even years after the second MMR dose, HCWs remain well protected. Relying on documented vaccination status is thus acceptable.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Age and Sport Intensity-Dependent Changes in Cytokines and Telomere Length in Elite Athletes

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Maha Sellami ◽  
Shamma Al-muraikhy ◽  
Hend Al-Jaber ◽  
Hadaia Al-Amri ◽  
Layla Al-Mansoori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Exercise-associated immune response plays a crucial role in the aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sport intensity on cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers and telomere length in aging elite athletes. Methods: In this study, 80 blood samples from consenting elite athletes were collected for anti-doping analysis at an anti-doping laboratory in Italy (FMSI). Participants were divided into three groups according to their sport intensity: low-intensity skills and power sports (LI, n = 18); moderate-intensity mixed soccer players (MI, n = 31); and high-intensity endurance sports (HI, n = 31). Participants were also divided into two age groups: less than 25 (n = 45) and above 25 years old (n = 35). Serum levels of 10 pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and two antioxidant enzymes were compared in age and sport intensity groups and telomere lengths were measured in their respective blood samples. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the only cytokine showing significantly higher concentration in older athletes, regardless of sport intensity. Interleukin (IL)-10 increased significantly in HI regardless of age group, whereas IL-6 concentration was higher in the older HI athletes. IL-8 showed a significant interaction with sport intensity in different age groups. Overall, significant positive correlations among levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α were identified. The antioxidant catalase activity was positively correlated with levels of TNF-α. Telomere length increased significantly with sport intensity, especially in the younger group. Conclusion: HI had longer telomeres and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting less aging in HI compared to low and moderate counterparts in association with heightened immune response. Investigation of the functional significance of these associations on the health and performance of elite athletes is warranted.

22. Immune Response to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Wettlaufer
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Sera Samples

Background: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is one of the most common multidrug-resistant organisms isolated from the cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory tract but it is unknown how it influences the long term clinical outcomes of CF patients.   Objective/Hypothesis: To characterize the immune response to S. maltophilia and its association with clinical outcomes in CF patients over time.  Methods: This was a longitudinal study from 2007-2014 of CF patients followed at The Hospital for Sick Children and St. Michael’s Hospital. All patients were classified as: 1) those with chronic S. maltophilia: ³2 positive cultures/year, 2) intermittent S. maltophilia: 1 positive sputum culture/year, and 3) no S. maltophilia cultures/year with and without chronic P. aeruginosa. IgG/IgA/IgM serologic responses were measured in serial sera samples by ELISA using whole cell S. maltophilia antigen. Results were calculated as the ratio of the average serum sample optical density to the average optical density of the negative control wells. Antibody levels for each patient were compared longitudinally to their rate of decline in FEV1 % predicted, body mass index, and rate of hospitalization.   Results: S. maltophilia antibody levels were measured in 350 sera samples from 113 CF patients. Median baseline antibody levels were 1.56 (range 0.996-5.15) in chronic patients, 1.09 (range 0.907-3.79) in intermittent patients, and 1.12 (range 0.737-4.86) in patients with no S. maltophilia.  Conclusions: Preliminary data suggests antibody levels to be significantly higher in patients with chronic S. maltophilia, and no significant difference between intermittent S. maltophilia and no S. maltophilia.

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