scholarly journals Plant growth and phytoactive alkaloid synthesis in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) in response to varying radiance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MENGZI ZHANG ◽  
Abhisheak Sharma ◽  
Francisco León ◽  
Bonnie Avery ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
The Impact

The dose-dependent consumptive effect of kratom and its potential application as an alternative source of medicine to mitigate opioid withdrawal symptoms has brought considerable attention to this plant. Increased interest in the application and use of kratom has emerged globally, including North America. Although the chemistry and pharmacology of major kratom alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, are well documented, foundational information on the impact of plant production environment on growth and kratom alkaloids synthesis is unavailable. To directly address this need, kratom plant growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and alkaloid concentration were evaluated under three lighting conditions: outdoor full sun, greenhouse unshaded, and greenhouse shaded. Nine kratom alkaloids were quantified using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Contents of six alkaloids to include: mitragynine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, mitraphylline, coynantheidine, and isocorynantheidine were not significantly impacted by lighting conditions, whereas 7-hydroxymitragynine was below the lower limit of quantification across all treatments. However, paynantheine concentration per leaf dry mass was increased by 40% and corynoxine was increased by 111% when grown under shade conditions in a greenhouse compared to outdoor full sun. Additionally, total alkaloid yield per plant was maximized when plants were under such conditions. Greenhouse cultivation generally promoted height and width extension, leaf number, leaf area, average leaf size, and total leaf dry mass, compared to outdoor full sun condition. Rapid, non-destructive chlorophyll evaluation correlated well (r2 = 0.68) with extracted chlorophyll concentrations. Given these findings, production efforts where low-light conditions can be implemented are likely to maximize plant biomass and total leaf alkaloid production.

scholarly journals Insecticides from Five Chemical Classes Differentially Affect the Plant Growth and Development of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev var. Charm)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 747C-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Spiers* ◽  
Fred T. Davies ◽  
Chuanjiu He ◽  
Amanda Chau ◽  
Kevin M. Heinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Insect Infestations

This research focused on the influence of insecticides on plant growth, gas exchange, rate of flowering, and chlorophyll content of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev cv. Charm) grown according to recommended procedures for pot plant production. Five insecticides were applied at recommended concentrations at three different frequencies: weekly (7 days), bi-weekly (14 days), or monthly (28 days). A separate treatment was applied weekly at 4× the recommended concentration. Insecticides used were: acephate (Orthene®) Turf, Tree & Ornamental Spray 97), bifenthrin (Talstar®) Flowable), endosulfan (Thiodan®) 50 WP), imidacloprid (Marathon®) II), and spinosad (Conserve®) SC). Phytotoxicity occurred in the form of leaf burn on all acephate treatments, with the greatest damage occurring at the 4× concentration. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were influenced primarily by the degree of aphid and/or spider mite infestation—except for acephate and endosulfan treatments (weekly and 4×), which had reduced photosynthesis with minimal insect infestations. Plants receiving imadacloprid monthly had the greatest leaf dry mass (DM). Plants treated with acephate had lower leaf and stem DM with bi-weekly and 4× treatments. Spinosad treatments at recommended concentrations had reduced stem DM, in part due to aphid infestations. The flower DM was not significantly different among treatments. There were treatment differences in chlorophyll content as measured with a SPAD-502 portable chlorophyll meter.

Can repeated soil amendment with biogas digestates increase soil suppressiveness toward non-specific soil-borne pathogens in agricultural lands?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
L. M. Manici ◽  
F. Caputo ◽  
G. A. Cappelli ◽  
E. Ceotto
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Biomass Production

Abstract Soil suppressiveness which is the natural ability of soil to support optimal plant growth and health is the resultant of multiple soil microbial components; which implies many difficulties when estimating this soil condition. Microbial benefits for plant health from repeated digestate applications were assessed in three experimental sites surrounding anaerobic biogas plants in an intensively cultivated area of northern Italy. A 2-yr trial was performed in 2017 and 2018 by performing an in-pot plant growth assay, using soil samples taken from two fields for each experimental site, of which one had been repeatedly amended with anaerobic biogas digestate and the other had not. These fields were similar in management and crop sequences (maize was the recurrent crop) for the last 10 yr. Plant growth response in the bioassay was expressed as plant biomass production, root colonization frequency by soil-borne fungi were estimated to evaluate the impact of soil-borne pathogens on plant growth, abundance of Pseudomonas and actinomycetes populations in rhizosphere were estimated as beneficial soil microbial indicators. Repeated soil amendment with digestate increased significantly soil capacity to support plant biomass production as compared to unamended control in both the years. Findings supported evidence that this increase was principally attributable to a higher natural ability of digestate-amended soils to reduce root infection by saprophytic soil-borne pathogens whose inoculum was increased by the recurrent maize cultivation. Pseudomonas and actinomycetes were always more abundant in digestate-amended soils suggesting that both these large bacterial groups were involved in the increase of their natural capacity to control soil-borne pathogens (soil suppressiveness).

scholarly journals Environmental Impact On Morphological and Anatomical Structure of Ricinus communis L. Leaves Growing in Kathmandu, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Belai Meeta Singh Suwal ◽  
Ratna Silwal Gautam ◽  
Dikshya Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact

The current study was done to examine the impact of environmental pollution on morphology and anatomy of leaf of Ricinus communis L. of Kathmandu. The comparative study was done between the plants of high polluted sites i.e Ringroad sides and less polluted sites i.e Raniban forest of Kathmandu. The plants from both sites showed visible morphological and anatomical changes in leaves. These both study sites were found with similar soil factors and climatic factors. Reductions in some morphological and anatomical features were observed in leaves growing in highly polluted site. Reduction in leaf area, petiole length, thickness of palisade layer and thickness of spongy parenchyma was noticed in the leaves from highly polluted sites of Kathmandu. Other morphological and anatomical features such as leaf dry mass content, stomata frequency, thickness of cuticle and size of epidermal cells were noticed to be increased in leaves from highly polluted sites. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 274-278  

scholarly journals Biostimulants isolated or integrated with paclobutrazol as tomato development triggering factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Talles Victor Silva ◽  
Hyrandir Cabral de Melo ◽  
Monita Fiori de Abreu Tarazi ◽  
Luis Carlos Cunha Junior ◽  
Luiz Fernandes Cardoso Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Plant biostimulants are substances with different chemistry or biological composition whose, when applied to plants, can favour their development mainly by enhance nutrient uptake or nutrition efficiency and also can alter plant hormonal balance. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a retardant plant growth regulator which promotes reduction on stem internodes culminating in shorter plants. The integration of both, biostimulants and PBZ, can lead better development of plants by at same time favour the nutrition performance of shorter plants. Although some farmers already have used these substances in crop field, alone or in combination, there is a great lack of scientific studies to verify the real efficiency of the biostimulants available in market. The aim of this study was to study the effect of different biostimulants on the morphometrical and physiological aspects of tomato when applied in combination or not with paclobutrazol in Solanum lycopersicum L., hybrid H9553. The biostimulants used were Stimulate®, Serenade®, EnerVig®, Px-Fertil®, Vorax®, Liqui-plex® and DuoOrgano+®. PBZ reduced plant height and, unlike expected, no one of the biostimulants favoured volume increase or dry mass of roots. However, all biostimulants favoured the accumulation of leaf dry mass, with no increase in the number of leaves or net photosynthetic rate per specific leaf area. When isolated, or in interaction with biostimulants, the PBZ generated stimulatory or inhibitory effect on expression of the parameters evaluated, depending on the organ and its age, and acted in synergism or antagonism with the biostimulants, depending on the substance in question.

scholarly journals Pruning from spheroidal to cubic canopy induced aphid outbreak by altering the plant performance in Box tree

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anqun Chen ◽  
Yinzhan Liu ◽  
Xiaolin Liu ◽  
Juan Xuan ◽  
Chunlian Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Mass Content ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aphid Abundance

Abstract Backgrounds: Plant-animal interactions comprise the fundamental relationships of ecological research, and are sensitive to environmental change. However, The effects of pruning on animal-plant interactions have rarely been studied. Methods: We conducted field experiments to examine the impact of artificially-pruned shapes (e.g. cubic and spheroidal canopy) on the performance of the Box tree and the resulting aphid abundance at three sites; on a university campus, at a road green belt, and in a residential area. The differences of aphid abundance and plant morphology were determined with ANOVAs and paired-sample tests. Relationships between the investigated parameters were detected with simple regression and structural equation modelResult: Abundance was higher in plants with a cubic canopy than with a spheroidal canopy. Plants with a cubic canopy had lower leaf dry mass content and inflorescence numbers, but greater fresh twig length than the plants with a spheroidal canopy. The aphid abundance was negatively correlated with the leaf dry mass content and inflorescence numbers, and positively correlated with the fresh twig length. Conclusion: Our findings have proven that pruning shape can significantly affect the abundance of herbivores on the pruned plants. The results can provide data support for human actives can alter plant performance, and thereby to change insect preference.

scholarly journals Frequency and Timing of Leaf Removal Affect Growth and Podophyllotoxin Content of American Mayapple in Shade

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent E. Cushman ◽  
Rita M. Moraes ◽  
Patrick D. Gerard ◽  
Ebru Bedir ◽  
Bladimiro Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Early Harvest

Leaves of American mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) are being investigated as an alternative and renewable source of podophyllotoxin, a pharmaceutical compound used in the manufacture of several drugs. This study examined long-term performance of mayapple populations subjected to different harvest strategies. A naturally occurring population in shade was subjected to leaf removal treatments of frequency (every year, every 2nd or 3rd year) or timing (early or late season). Plots were 1.0 m2, established during Spring 2001, and treatments were applied from 2001 to 2004. Control plots not previously harvested were also included each year. Plants did not tolerate the severest of leaf removal treatments: early harvest time in combination with annual harvest frequency. Early annual harvests reduced total leaf dry mass and total leaf area in a quadratic manner. Late harvest conducted annually, and early harvest conducted every other year, also reduced leaf dry mass and area but not as much as early annual harvest. Plants harvested every year, early, or early every year produced fewer sexual shoots than other treatment combinations. Contents of α-peltatin, β-peltatin, and total lignans were higher for leaves harvested early than those harvested late during each year of the study, demonstrating that lignan contents were affected by leaf age and not treatment. In conclusion, our results for plants grown in shade show that leaves can be removed late in the growing season every 2nd or 3rd year or early every 3rd year without reducing long-term performance of the population. This is more restrictive than that reported for populations in full sun where plants tolerated late harvests every year.

scholarly journals Effects of Nutrient Fertility on Growth and Alkaloidal Content in Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengzi Zhang ◽  
Abhisheak Sharma ◽  
Francisco León ◽  
Bonnie Avery ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Mitragyna Speciosa ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass

Leaves harvested from the Southeast Asian tree Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) have a history of use as a traditional ethnobotanical source of medicine to combat fatigue, improve work productivity, and to reduce opioid-related withdrawal symptoms. Kratom leaves contain an array of alkaloids thought to be responsible for the bioactivity reported by users. Interest in the consumptive effects of kratom has led to its recent popularity and use in North America, Western Europe, and Australia. Although the chemistry and pharmacology of select kratom alkaloids are understood, studies have not examined the influence of production environment on growth and alkaloidal content. To directly address this need, 68 kratom trees were vegetatively propagated from a single mother stock to reduce genetic variability and subjected to four varying fertilizer application rates. Leaves were analyzed for chlorophyll concentration, biomass, and alkaloidal content to understand the physiological response of the plant. While increasing rates of fertilizer promoted greater plant growth, relationships with alkaloidal content within leaves were highly variable. Fertility rate had little influence on the concentration of mitragynine, paynantheine, speciociliatine, mitraphylline, and corynoxine per leaf dry mass. 7-Hydroxymitragynine was below the lower limit of quantification in all the analyzed leaf samples. Low to medium rates of fertilizer, however, maximized concentrations of speciogynine, corynantheidine, and isocorynantheidine per leaf dry mass, suggesting a promotion of nitrogen allocation for secondary metabolism occurred for these select alkaloids. Strong correlations (r2 = 0.86) between extracted leaf chlorophyll and rapid, non-destructive chlorophyll evaluation (SPAD) response allowed for development of a reliable linear model that can be used to diagnose nutrient deficiencies and allow for timely adjustment of fertilization programs to more accurately manage kratom cultivation efforts. Results from this study provide a greater understanding of the concentration and synthesis of nine bioactive alkaloids in fresh kratom leaves and provide foundational information for kratom cultivation and production.

Competitive Effects of Glyphosate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Susceptible Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) on Young Grapevines (Vitis vinifera)

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Alcorta ◽  
Matthew W. Fidelibus ◽  
Kerri L. Steenwerth ◽  
Anil Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
The Impact

Horseweed is a common pest in vineyards of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. Interest in controlling this weed has increased with the recent discovery of a glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotype that has been observed to be more vigorous than a glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype in the SJV. However, the impact that either biotype may have on grapevine growth has not been assessed. Therefore, two glasshouse experiments were conducted to characterize the competitiveness of GR and GS horseweed biotypes from the SJV with young grapevines. ‘Syrah’ grapevines grafted to Freedom rootstocks were planted in 8-L plastic pots, alone, or with a single GR or GS horseweed. Additional GR and GS horseweeds were also planted separately in individual pots, and all plants were grown for 14 and 16 wk in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Grapevines grown with either biotype of the weed produced fewer leaves and amassed approximately 20% less dry mass (DM) than vines grown alone. The GR biotype reduced grapevine stem DM and length by 30%, but the GS biotype did not. The GR biotype accumulated more than twice the DM as the GS biotype, whether in competition with grapevine or not. Grapevines reduced the total leaf number of both horseweed biotypes by almost 50% and aboveground DM of GR and GS biotypes by 50 and 75%, respectively. These preliminary findings indicate that competition from horseweed can substantially reduce the growth of young grapevines and that the GR biotype may be more competitive than the GS biotype.

scholarly journals Pruning from spheroidal to cubic canopy induced aphid outbreak by altering the plant performance in spindle tree

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinzhan Liu ◽  
Juan Xuan ◽  
Anqun Chen ◽  
Chunlian Qiao ◽  
Renhui Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Mass Content ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aphid Abundance

Abstract The effects of pruning on animal-plant interactions have rarely been studied. We thus conducted field experiments to examine the impact of artificially-pruned shapes (e.g. cubic and spheroidal canopy) on the performance of the spindle tree and the resulting aphid abundance at three sites; on a university campus, at a road green belt, and in a residential area. The results showed aphid abundance was 89.9 times higher in plants with a cubic canopy than with a spheroidal canopy. Plants with a cubic canopy had lower leaf dry mass content and inflorescence numbers, but greater fresh twig length than the plants with a spheroidal canopy. The aphid abundance was negatively correlated with the leaf dry mass content and inflorescence numbers, and positively correlated with the fresh twig length. The results can provide data support for human actives can alter plant performance, and thereby to change insect preference.

scholarly journals Daytime, Not Nighttime, Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Exposure Improves Plant Growth and Leaf Quality of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songmei Shi ◽  
Yuling Qiu ◽  
Miao Wen ◽  
Xiao Xu ◽  
Xingshui Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
The Impact

Almost all elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) studies have not addressed the potential responses of plant growth to different CO2 in daytime and nighttime. The present study was to determine the impact of daytime and/or nighttime eCO2 on growth and quality of mulberry (Morus alba L.), a perennial multipurpose cash plant. Six-month-old mulberry seedlings were hence grown in environmentally auto-controlled growth chambers under four CO2 concentrations: (1) ambient CO2 (ACO2, 410 μmol mol–1 daytime/460 μmol mol–1 nighttime), (2) sole daytime elevated CO2 (DeCO2, 710 μmol mol–1/460 μmol mol–1), (3) sole nighttime elevated CO2 (NeCO2, 410 μmol mol–1/760 μmol mol–1), and (4) continuous daytime and nighttime elevated CO2 (D + NeCO2, 710 μmol mol–1/760 μmol mol–1). Plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and leaf quality were then examined after 120 days of CO2 exposure. Compared to control, DeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2 increased plant biomass production and thus the harvest of nutrients and accumulation of leaf carbohydrates (starch, soluble sugar, and fatty acid) and N-containing compounds (free amino acid and protein), though there were some decreases in the concentration of leaf N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn. NeCO2 had no significant effects on leaf yield but an extent positive effect on leaf nutritional quality due to their concentration increase in leaf B, Cu, starch, and soluble sugar. Meanwhile, (D + N)eCO2 decreased mulberry leaf yield and harvest of nutritious compounds for silkworm when compared with DeCO2. The reason may be associated to N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn that are closely related to leaf pigment and N metabolism. Therefore, the rational application of mineral nutrient (especially N, P, Fe, Mg, and Zn) fertilizers is important for a sustainable mulberry production under future atmosphere CO2 concentrations.

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