scholarly journals Developing a Biomimetic Evaluation Method for Antiviral Coatings Using Artificial Saliva Droplets.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Tanaka ◽  
Nobuhiro Miyamae
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Respiratory infections pose a serious threat worldwide, and many new antiviral agents and coatings have been developed to reduce the overall risk of viral infection. Here, we evaluate the methodology used to test these antiviral coatings and developed a novel system that is more similar to real-world conditions. Contact infection is largely mediated via contact with saliva containing the active virus released as droplets by coughing or sneezing, with these droplets adhering to objects and surfaces and subsequently entering the human body via indirect contact with the mucous membranes. Here, we evaluated the antiviral effect of a known antiviral coating agent using an artificial saliva based system, where artificial saliva containing phages were sprayed onto the antiviral coating under various conditions associated with viral replication and infectious spread. We used a commercially available antiviral coating in this evaluation, and M13 bacteriophages as model viruses. This method enables simple biomimetic evaluations of any product antiviral effects.

scholarly journals Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Francesco Menzella ◽  
Giulia Ghidoni ◽  
Carla Galeone ◽  
Silvia Capobelli ◽  
Chiara Scelfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Increased Risk

Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don’t have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.

scholarly journals Nanobiocide Based-Silver Nanomaterials Upon Coronaviruses: Approaches for Preventing Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Khoshnevisan ◽  
Hassan Maleki ◽  
Hadi Baharifar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Silver Nanomaterials ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Nano Graphene

Abstract The effectiveness of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs), as antiviral agents, has been confirmed in humans against many different types of viruses. Nanobiocides-based AgNMs can be effectively applied to eliminate coronaviruses (CoVs), as the cause of various diseases in animals and humans, particularly the fatal human respiratory infections. Mostly, these NMs act effectively against CoVs, thanks to the NMs’ fundamental anti-viral structures like reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photo-dynamic and photo-thermal abilities. Particularly, the antiviral activity of AgNMs is clarified under three inhibitory mechanisms including viral entry limitation, attachment inhibition, and viral replication limitation. It is believed that nanobiocide with other possible materials such as TiO2, silica and, carbon NMs exclusively nano-graphene materials can emerge as a more effective disinfectant for long-term stability with low toxicity than common disinfectants. Nanobiocides also can be applied for the prevention and treatment of viral infections specifically against COVID-19. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals JNK pathway restricts DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV infection by activating complement and apoptosis in mosquito salivary glands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra M. Modahl ◽  
Siok Thing Tan ◽  
Benjamin Wong Wei Xiang ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Chikv Infection ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Antiviral Function ◽  
Arbovirus Infection

AbstractArbovirus infection of Aedes aegypti salivary glands (SGs) determines transmission. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on SG immunity. Here, we characterized SG immune response to dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses using high-throughput transcriptomics. The three viruses regulate components of Toll, IMD and JNK pathways. However, silencing of Toll and IMD components showed variable effects on SG infection by each virus. In contrast, regulation of JNK pathway produced consistent responses. Virus infection increased with depletion of component Kayak and decreased with depletion of negative regulator Puckered. Virus-induced JNK pathway regulates complement and apoptosis in SGs via TEP20 and Dronc, respectively. Individual and co-silencing of these genes demonstrate their antiviral effects and that both may function together. Co-silencing either TEP20 or Dronc with Puckered annihilates JNK pathway antiviral effect. We identified and characterized the broad antiviral function of JNK pathway in SGs, expanding the immune arsenal that blocks arbovirus transmission.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effects of Gelatin Stabilized Ferrous Sulfide Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Tong ◽  
Shuangfei Deng ◽  
Xiaotong Zhang ◽  
Liurong Fang ◽  
Jiangong Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Ferrous Sulfide ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
First Time

Abstract Ferrous sulfide nanoparticles (FeS NPs) are widely applied to environmental remediation, catalysis, energy storage and medicine because of their high reactivity, large specific surface area and low cost, arousing great interest of researchers. However, there is no literature reported on its application in the antiviral field. In the study, gelatin stabilized FeS nanoparticles (Gel-FeS NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation of Fe2+ and S2‒ in the aqueous phase with continuous stirring under anaerobic conditions. The as-prepared Gel-FeS NPs were good stabilization and dispersibility with the size distribution of 77.7 ± 16.4 nm, as determined by UV-Vis spectrometer, TEM, FTIR, XRD and XPS. We reported for the first time the virucidic and antiviral activity of Gel-FeS NPs. The Gel-FeS NPs with good dispersibility and biocompatibility were synthesized, and they exhibited effective inhibition on the proliferation of PRRSV by blocking the PRRSV outside the host cells. Moreover, the Fe2+ from degraded ferrous sulfide still displayed an antiviral effect, demonstrating the advantage as an antiviral nanomaterial of Gel-FeS NPs compared to other nanomaterials. This work highlighted the antiviral effect of Gel-FeS NPs, broaden the applications of iron-based nanoparticles for combating the virus.

Viruses, chemotherapy and immunity

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (S1) ◽  
pp. S85-S92 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Koziel ◽  
B. D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Hiv 1

An increasing number of antiviral agents are presently in various stages of development and testing, and an increasing number have recently been licensed for use in humans. These drugs have been used extensively to treat viral infections in immunocompromised individuals, and these studies indicate that for many antiviral agents the response to therapy is highly dependent on the integrity of the underlying host immune response. In particular, the response to zidovudine, acyclovir and ganciclovir in persons with HIV-1 infection is highly dependent upon CD4 number, which can be considered a surrogate marker for the state of host immune function in these subjects. Responses to interferons likewise can be shown to depend on the host immune response, with responses due to both direct antiviral effects of this agent as well as immunomodulatory effects mediated through interferon-induced upregulation of HLA molecule expression.

scholarly journals Post-infection treatment with a protease inhibitor increases survival of mice with a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamandi S. Dampalla ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Krishani Dinali Perera ◽  
Lok-Yin Roy Wong ◽  
David K. Meyerholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Structural Investigation ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Deuterated Derivative ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Potent Inhibitory Activity

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to be a serious global public health threat. The 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a virus protease encoded by SARS-CoV-2, which is essential for virus replication. We have previously reported a series of small molecule 3CLpro inhibitors effective for inhibiting replication of human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and in animal models. Here we generated a series of deuterated variants of a 3CLpro inhibitor, GC376, and evaluated the antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2. The deuterated GC376 displayed potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the enzyme and the cell-based assays. The K18-hACE2 mice develop mild to lethal infection commensurate with SARS-CoV-2 challenge doses and was proposed as a model for efficacy testing of antiviral agents. We treated lethally infected mice with a deuterated derivative of GC376. Treatment of K18-hACE2 mice at 24 hr post infection with a derivative (compound 2) resulted in increased survival of mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. Lung virus titers were decreased, and histopathological changes were ameliorated in compound 2-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. Structural investigation using high-resolution crystallography illuminated binding interactions of 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with deuterated variants of GC376. Taken together, deuterated GC376 variants have excellent potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Bimodal Temporal Distribution of Herpes Explains Resistant Cases to Oral Antiviral Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
K.L. Gaishauser ◽  
C.G. Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Secondary Mode

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a double-stranded virus that affects the skin and mucous membranes. There has been a long-standing dogma stating that the virus remains dormant and is reactivated from the dorsal root ganglia. However, more recent studies have established that there is a secondary mode of viral reactivation from the epidermis itself. These two distinct reactivation patterns help explain why prophylactic antivirals do not consistently prevent herpes outbreaks.

scholarly journals In vitro Assessment of Antiviral Effect of Natural Compounds on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Gómez-García ◽  
Héctor Puente ◽  
Héctor Argüello ◽  
Óscar Mencía-Ares ◽  
Pedro Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Organic acid and essential oils (EOs), well-known antimicrobials, could also possess antiviral activity, a characteristic which has not been completely addressed up to now. In this study, the effect of two organic acids (formic acid and sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillates) and two single EO compounds (thymol and cinnamaldehye) was evaluated against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The concentration used for each compound was established by cytotoxicity assays in Vero cells. The antiviral activity was then evaluated at three multiplicities of infection (MOIs) through visual cytopathic effect (CPE) evaluation and an alamarBlue assay as well as real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and viral titration of cell supernatants. Formic acid at at a dose of 1,200 ppm was the only compound which showed antiviral activity, with a weak reduction of CPE caused by PEDV. Through the alamarBlue fluorescence assay, we showed a significant anti-CPE effect of formic acid which could not be observed by using an inverted optical microscope. RT-qPCR and infectivity analysis also showed that formic acid significantly reduced viral RNA and viral titers in a PEDV MOI-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the antiviral activity of formic acid could be associated to its inhibitory effect on viral replication. Further studies are required to explore the anti-PEDV activity of formic acid under field conditions alone or together with other antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Antiviral Efficacy of the Anesthetic Propofol against Dengue Virus Infection and Cellular Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ting-Jing Shen ◽  
Chia-Ling Chen ◽  
Ming-Kai Jhan ◽  
Po-Chun Tseng ◽  
Rahmat Dani Satria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Cellular Inflammation ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Endosomal Acidification ◽  
Adults And Children

Propofol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, is a short-acting intravenous sedative agent used in adults and children. Current studies show its various antimicrobial as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Dengue virus (DENV) is an emerging infectious pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes that causes mild dengue fever and progressive severe dengue diseases. In the absence of safe vaccines and antiviral agents, adjuvant treatments and supportive care are generally administered. This study investigated the antiviral effects of propofol against DENV infection and cellular inflammation by using an in vitro cell model. Treatment with propofol significantly inhibited DENV release 24 h postinfection in BHK-21 cells. Furthermore, it also blocked viral protein expression independent of the translational blockade. Propofol neither caused inhibitory effects on endosomal acidification nor prevented dsRNA replication. Either the proinflammatory TNF-α or the antiviral STAT1 signaling was reduced by propofol treatment. These results provide evidence to show the potential antiviral effects of the sedative propofol against DENV infection and cellular inflammation.

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