scholarly journals Nanobiocide Based-Silver Nanomaterials Upon Coronaviruses: Approaches for Preventing Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Khoshnevisan ◽  
Hassan Maleki ◽  
Hadi Baharifar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Silver Nanomaterials ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Nano Graphene

Abstract The effectiveness of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs), as antiviral agents, has been confirmed in humans against many different types of viruses. Nanobiocides-based AgNMs can be effectively applied to eliminate coronaviruses (CoVs), as the cause of various diseases in animals and humans, particularly the fatal human respiratory infections. Mostly, these NMs act effectively against CoVs, thanks to the NMs’ fundamental anti-viral structures like reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photo-dynamic and photo-thermal abilities. Particularly, the antiviral activity of AgNMs is clarified under three inhibitory mechanisms including viral entry limitation, attachment inhibition, and viral replication limitation. It is believed that nanobiocide with other possible materials such as TiO2, silica and, carbon NMs exclusively nano-graphene materials can emerge as a more effective disinfectant for long-term stability with low toxicity than common disinfectants. Nanobiocides also can be applied for the prevention and treatment of viral infections specifically against COVID-19. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE EFFECT OF QUARANTINE АND BEYOND

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Snezhina Lazova ◽  
Tsvetelina Velikova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
And Control

Monitoring epidemic processes and the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases is essential for predicting their distribution and effective planning in healthcare. The importance of studying seasonal trends in the spread of respiratory viral infections and the specific effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nationwide scales and the use of available vaccines stand out even more in the context of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even if the dynamics of pediatric respiratory viral infections show some variation at the national and local levels, depending on health regulation, respiratory viral pathogens follow a typical pattern of incidence. Therefore, we hypothesize that anticipated reduction of the incidence of common respiratory viral infections would undoubtedly exert positive effects, such as ease of burdening healthcare that combates the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we suspect a shift in familiar seasonal characteristics of common respiratory viral infections. We also speculate that strict long-term limitations of the natural spread of respiratory viral infections can lead to the development of hard-to-predict epidemiological outliers. Additionally, the tricky balance between humanity’s natural impulse to return to normalcy and control the new and still dynamically evolving infection could lead to new threats from old and well-known pathogens. Finally, we hypothesize that the absence of regular influenza virus circulation may lead to a high mismatch rate and a significant reduction in flu vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals H2V, a database for human genes and proteins in response to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhou ◽  
Jinku Bao ◽  
Yuping Ning
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Potential Drug Targets

Abstract The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the world is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus first discovered in the end of 2019. It has led to more than 50 million confirmed cases and more than 1 million deaths across 219 countries by 11 November 2020, according to the WHO statistics. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV are alike. They are highly pathogenic, and they threaten public health, impair economy, and inflict long-term impacts on the society. No drug or vaccine has been approved as a cure for these viruses. The efforts to develop antiviral measures are hampered by the insufficient understanding of how the human body responds to viral infections at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, journal articles and transcriptomic and proteomic data that survey coronavirus infections were collected. Response genes and proteins were then identified via differential analyses which compared the gene/protein between the infected sample and control. A database, H2V, was finally created for human genes/proteins responding to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV infection. H2V provides the molecular information about human response to infection. It can be a powerful tool to discover cellular pathways and processes relevant for viral pathogenesis to identify potential drug targets. It is expected to speed up the process of developing antiviral agents and to shed light on the preparation for potential coronavirus emergency in the future.

scholarly journals Bioactive compounds from fungi with antiviral activities: Mechanism of action and biosynthetic pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-189
Author(s):  
Brenda Hernández-Sánchez ◽  
◽  
Ericka Santacruz-Juárez ◽  
David Moore ◽  
Carmen Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Ganoderic Acid

Viral infections have affected human health, causing critical pandemics and mortality worldwide. Viruses can also cause enormous economic problems for society globally. Bioactive compounds isolated from fungi (both edible and nonedible) have shown potential activity against viruses. In this review, we describe the fungal natural compounds that have exhibited capability to inhibit some human pathogenic viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, bovine herpes virus, influenza virus, respiratory syndrome virus, hepatitis virus among others. We focused on the biosynthetic pathways of fungal bioactive compounds and addressed the current knowledge about their antiviral mechanisms of action and specific targets. Fungal bioactive compounds are able to inhibit viral reproduction, blocking viral penetration, replication or translation as well as integrase or protease action. Fungal compounds able to inhibit protease such as. ganodermatriol, ergosterol, terpenoids, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderiol, sterigmatocystin, emericellin, cordycepin, ergosterol peroxide, myristic acid among others, may have a significant value to society at present, as they may have the potential to treat severe viral respiratory infections. Fungi represent a potential natural source of bioactive molecules that can be exploited for treating viral infections, which represent one of the main causes of disease worldwide. However, extensive investigations on clinical trials are required for the introduction of new antiviral agents into the market.

scholarly journals POLYCOMPONENT VACCINE IMMUNOVAC-VP-4 AND IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC CONCEPT OF ITS USE FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED BY OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Egorova ◽  
E. A. Kurbatova ◽  
N. K. Akhmatova ◽  
I. M. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Acute Respiratory Diseases

Aim. Analysis of experimental data and results of long-term clinical studies of immunotherapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of a polycomponent vaccine, Immunovac-VP-4. Materials and methods. Immunogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, which antigens possessed broad intra — and interspecific cross-protective activity were selected to obtain the vaccine. Immunological parameters were determined using flow cytometry with the use of diagnostic monoclonal antibodies to cytokines, Toll-like receptors, surface molecules of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. The clinical effect of Immunovac-VP-4 was evaluated in chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases, as well as in the prevention of acute respiratory diseases (ARI) in children’s organized groups. Results. Immunovac-VP-4, protected the mice from infection caused by etiologically significant strains of bacteria and viruses, increased TLR-2, 4, 9-expressing cells; maturing the dendritic cells; the synthesis of cytokines IL1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ,; proliferation and increased cytotoxicity of NK cells. Significant clinical effect (69.2 — 100)% of Immunovac-VP-4 on the background of the basic therapy was obtained in patients with chronic inflammatory and allergic diseases. The therapeutic effect was accompanied by a positive dynamics of immunological parameters, in particular, an increase in IFNγ and a decrease in IL-4. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis using Immunovac-VP-4 led to a decrease in the number of episodes of acute respiratory infections and their bacterial complications, including children in organized groups. Conclusion. Immunological feasibility of using Immunovac-VP-4 in complex treatment and prevention of bacterial and viral infections, caused by opportunistic microorganisms, as well as in allergic diseases was proved. 

An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Analogs of Quinoline for the Prophylaxis of COVID-19. Chloroquine Analogs: An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Quinolines as Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veera Bramhachari Pallaval ◽  
Manasa Kanithi ◽  
Sangeetha Meenakshisundaram ◽  
Achanta Jagadeesh ◽  
Mattareddy Alavala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives ◽  
Potential Area ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

: SARS-CoV-2, a positive single-stranded RNA enveloped coronavirus, currently poses a global health threat. Drugs with quinoline scaffolds have long been studied to repurpose their useful broad-spectrum properties into treating various diseases, including viruses. Preliminary studies on the quinoline medications, Chloroquine and Hydroxy chloroquine, against SARS-CoV2, have shown to be a potential area of interest for drug development, due to their ability to prevent viral entry, act as anti-inflammatory modulators, and inhibit key enzymes allowing reduced viral infectivity. In addition to Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, we discuss analogs of the drugs to understand the quinoline scaffold’s potential antiviral mechanisms. The heterocyclic scaffold of quinoline can be modified in many ways primarily through the modification of its substituents, we cover these different synthetic derivatives to understand properties that could enhance its antiviral specificity thoroughly. Chloroquine and its analogs can act on various stages of the viral life cycle pre and post entry. In this study, we review Chloroquine and its synthetic and natural analogs for their antiviral properties in a variety of different viruses. Furthermore, we review the compound’s potential abilities to attenuate symptoms associated with viral infections. Natural compounds that share scaffolding to Chloroquine can act as antivirals or attenuate symptoms through stimulate the host immune system or reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives of the drug’s repurposing due to its ability to inhibit beta-hematin formation and to be a Zinc Ionophore.

ACUTE VIRAL INFECTIONS WITH COMBINED LESIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - A SCOURGE OF OUR TIME

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
E.V. Kanner ◽  
◽  
I.D. Kanner ◽  
N.M. Lapkin ◽  
A.V. Gorelov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Combined Lesions

Viral infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The association of pathogens often changes not only the typical clinical picture of the infection, but also its course, which often becomes the reason for the delayed diagnosis and lack of adequate treatment. The variety and discovery of new respiratory viruses, their variability, the rapid formation of strains resistant to antiviral agents and modifying adaptive immune responses in humans, lead to an increase in the frequency of mixed viral infections, which dictates the need to develop and implement new diagnostic and treatment algorithms. This review is devoted to the problem of acute viral infections with combined lesions of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) among the population of children. The etiological structure of causative agents of acute respiratory infections (ARI), acute intestinal infections (AII) and infections with combined lesions of the respiratory tract and GIT in children is presented. The features of the pathogenesis and clinical features of rotavirus, coronavirus infections are considered. An algorithm for making a decision on the appointment of a treatment-and-prophylactic complex for children with AII and ARI is proposed.

scholarly journals The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5799
Author(s):  
Iwona Bukowska-Ośko ◽  
Marta Popiel ◽  
Paweł Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
New Type ◽  
Viral Receptors

A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth—which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.

scholarly journals Emerging Advances of Nanotechnology in Drug and Vaccine Delivery against Viral Associated Respiratory Infectious Diseases (VARID)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6937
Author(s):  
Amir Seyfoori ◽  
Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough ◽  
Pooneh Mokarram ◽  
Mazaher Ahmadi ◽  
Parvaneh Mehrbod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

Viral-associated respiratory infectious diseases are one of the most prominent subsets of respiratory failures, known as viral respiratory infections (VRI). VRIs are proceeded by an infection caused by viruses infecting the respiratory system. For the past 100 years, viral associated respiratory epidemics have been the most common cause of infectious disease worldwide. Due to several drawbacks of the current anti-viral treatments, such as drug resistance generation and non-targeting of viral proteins, the development of novel nanotherapeutic or nano-vaccine strategies can be considered essential. Due to their specific physical and biological properties, nanoparticles hold promising opportunities for both anti-viral treatments and vaccines against viral infections. Besides the specific physiological properties of the respiratory system, there is a significant demand for utilizing nano-designs in the production of vaccines or antiviral agents for airway-localized administration. SARS-CoV-2, as an immediate example of respiratory viruses, is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the coronaviridae family. COVID-19 can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, similarly to other members of the coronaviridae. Hence, reviewing the current and past emerging nanotechnology-based medications on similar respiratory viral diseases can identify pathways towards generating novel SARS-CoV-2 nanotherapeutics and/or nano-vaccines.

Stability and Change in Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Transition to Young Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D.A. Parker ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Laura M. Wood ◽  
Jennifer M. Eastabrook ◽  
Robyn N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Transition From High School

Abstract. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted growing interest from researchers working in various fields. The present study examined the long-term stability (32 months) of EI-related abilities over the course of a major life transition (the transition from high school to university). During the first week of full-time study, a large group of undergraduates completed the EQ-i:Short; 32 months later a random subset of these students (N = 238), who had started their postsecondary education within 24 months of graduating from high school, completed the measures for a second time. The study found EI scores to be relatively stable over the 32-month time period. EI scores were also found to be significantly higher at Time 2; the overall pattern of change in EI-levels was more than can be attributed to the increased age of the participants.

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