scholarly journals Comparative analysis of antibody production by mRNA 1273, AZD 1222 and BBIBP-CorV on elderly people suffering from different co-morbidity in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ashraful hoque ◽  
Marufur Rahman ◽  
Shahnewaz Parvez ◽  
Hossain Imam ◽  
Nurun Nahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
The World

Background: As the pandemic spread so quickly all over the world, the scientist did not get the right time to cover all age group populations for a vaccine trial. The elderly population is usually vulnerable for COVID-19 which was proven by different research work and focus was to save this group of people was the prime concern for every country of the world. Though vaccines that got emergency use authorization have proven their efficacy which one is better for elderly people suffering from different co-morbid conditions is still not established. In this study, we want to evaluate the antibody production by mRNA 1273, AZD 1222, and BBIBP-CorV in elderly people with different comorbidity. Method: We include 40 people in each group who have at least one comorbid condition and the total sample size was 120. The sample was taken from them before vaccination and 14 days after the second dose. Adverse event following immunization was recorded if any. Antibody measurement was done by ELISA method by using DiaSino SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD IgG Quant. Result: Among 120 participants with an equal number of participants in each of the vaccine groups all of them were aged between 60-72 years, of whom 65% were males and 35 % were females. Anti S1 RBD IgG was detected among all the participants from each vaccine group after 14 days of taking their 2nd dose. A non-parametric multiple comparison test (Kruskal-Wallis test) of Anti S1 RBD IgG levels among three vaccine groups revealed significant differences (P-value <0.05) between groups. The IgG level was almost twice in the mRNA-1273 group compared to AZD1222 and BBIBP-CorV group. Conclusion: From this small sample size, we predicate that mRNA 1273 produces much higher anti-S1 RBD IgG than the other two vaccines. Every vaccine is safe and effective whose is approved by WHO. Calculative use of the vaccine may produce an outcome for the future as we are still way behind in the proper amount of vaccine production.

Role of an extended pathology exam in risk classification of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs).

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15032-e15032
Author(s):  
Mihai Vasile Marinca ◽  
Irina Draga Caruntu ◽  
Ludmila Liliac ◽  
Simona Eliza Giusca ◽  
Andreea Marinca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
The Impact

e15032 Background: The 1997 IGCCCG Consensus classification provides clinicians with enough information to efficiently choose between treatment options for most GCT patients. Nevertheless, therapy is ineffective in 5-10% of cases (even more in less developed countries), and about the same numbers experience severe side effects. This exploratory study aims to assess the impact of more rigorous and detailed pathology examination on improving the assignation of these patients to prognostic groups and, consequently, making optimal therapeutic decisions. Methods: Predefined features were reviewed on histology slides from 39 GCT patients followed-up for a median of 48.28 months. We designed a uniform pathology protocol, focused on identifying potential new prognostic factors. Categorical and continuous variables were quantified using light microscopy and computer-aided morphometry and, due to the small sample size, their statistical correlation was analyzed by exact tests and Spearman’s rho, respectively. Significant (2-sided p-value <0.05, under sample size reserve) coefficient values were entered in hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results: Favorable IGCCCG group, presence of seminoma, glandular tissue pattern, presence and histoarchitecture of lymphocytic infiltrate associated better survival rates and lower risk of progression. Invasion of the epididymis and spermatic cord, presence of teratoma, choriocarcinoma and yolk-sac elements, papillary pattern and cell pleomorphism predicted poorer outcomes. HCA yielded 2 significantly distinct patient groups in terms of overall survival (p=0.018) and time to progression (p=0.080), but not disease-free survival (p=0.614). Conclusions: Quantification of tumor subtypes and other histology features of GCTs (e.g. necrosis, tissue patterns, inflammation) is feasible and, if standardized, may prove useful in optimal selection of risk groups, when performed by an experienced pathologist.

Survey of the University of Florida hematology/oncology fellows on perceived skills of independent management of oncologic pain, chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, and end-of-life discussions.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lynn Ricks ◽  
Myron Chang ◽  
Qi An ◽  
Nam H. Dang
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Additional Training ◽  
The University

7 Background: Prior literature in oncology suggests that oncologists receive less training during fellowship in the areas of pain management, chemotherapy-related nausea/vomiting (CRNV), and end-of-life (EOL) discussions than is desired for later practice. As such, confidence in management could be improved by focused interventions. This survey sought to determine whether fellows in the department of Hematology/Oncology at the University of Florida (UF) felt they would benefit from additional education in these areas. Methods: An anonymous voluntary survey was administered by an impartial third party to assess the fourteen fellows’ comfort levels. Questions numbered 1-7 focused on oncologic pain, numbers 8-17 on CRNV, and numbers 18-28 on EOL care. Answers were converted to a numeric scale in the range of 1-4, with 4 points as the highest endorsement of confidence and 1 point as the lowest comfort level. 95% confidence intervals were used to analyze results of each question. Results: 79% (95% CI:57%-100%) of fellows felt additional training in pain management and CRNV would be beneficial. Half of fellows surveyed (50%, 95% CI:24%-76%) considered need for additional training in EOL discussions worthwhile. The scores were not significantly different when stratified by year of training (p value = 0.10, 0.48, 0.20). Conclusions: We conclude that the majority of UF Hematology/Oncology fellows feel that additional training in oncologic pain and CRNV is desired. This is significant as it parallels national trends. Limitations of the study include relatively small sample size, thus the absence of any statistically significant differences in responses by year of training may have been a result of the sample size. Several methods exist to satisfy this perceived need, including targeted lectures or standardized online teaching modules from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. A future prospective study using these modules is underway to further validate our findings. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals New occurrences of fossilized feathers: systematics and taphonomy of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin (Cretaceous), NE, Brazil

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo M.E.M. Prado ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Anelli ◽  
Setembrino Petri ◽  
Guilherme Raffaeli Romero
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
The World ◽  
Crato Member ◽  
Santana Formation ◽  
New Occurrences

Here we describe three fossil feathers from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin, Brazil. Feathers are the most complex multiform vertebrate integuments; they perform different functions, occurring in both avian and non-avian dinosaurs. Despite their rarity, fossil feathers have been found across the world. Most of the Brazilian feather fossil record comes from the Santana Formation. This formation is composed of two members: Crato (lake) and Romualdo (lagoon); both of which are predominantly reduced deposits, precluding bottom dwelling organisms, resulting in exceptional preservation of the fossils. Despite arid and hot conditions during the Cretaceous, life teemed in the adjacency of this paleolake. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs have not yet been described from the Crato Member, even though there are suggestions of their presence in nearby basins. Our description of the three feathers from the Crato laminated limestone reveals that, despite the small sample size, they can be referred to coelurosaurian theropods. Moreover, based on comparisons with extant feather morphotypes they can be identified as one contour feather and two downy feathers. Despite their rareness and low taxonomic potential, fossilized feathers can offer insights about the paleobiology of its owners and the paleoecology of the Araripe Basin.

Reliability estimation in multicomponent stress-strength based on Erlang-truncated exponential distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasa Rao Gadde
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reliability Estimates ◽  
Average Mean Square Error ◽  
Estimate Reliability

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the estimation of multicomponent stress-strength reliability. The system is regarded as alive only if at least s out of k (s<k) strengths exceed the stress. The reliability of such a system is obtained when strength, stress variates are from Erlang-truncated exponential (ETE) distribution with different shape parameters. The reliability is estimated using the maximum likelihood (ML) method of estimation when samples are drawn from strength and stress distributions. The reliability estimators are compared asymptotically. The small sample comparison of the reliability estimates is made through Monte Carlo simulation. Using real data sets the authors illustrate the procedure. Design/methodology/approach The authors have developed multicomponent stress-strength reliability based on ETE distribution. To estimate reliability, the parameters are estimated by using ML method. Findings The simulation results indicate that the average bias and average mean square error decreases as sample size increases for both methods of estimation in reliability. The length of the confidence interval also decreases as the sample size increases and simulated actual coverage probability is close to the nominal value in all sets of parameters considered here. Using real data, the authors illustrate the estimation process. Originality/value This research work has conducted independently and the results of the author’s research work are very useful for fresh researchers.

scholarly journals Assessment of elementary students’ understanding of differences in viral and bacterial infections, and education of proper antibiotic use

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Hahn ◽  
Umron Alkotob ◽  
Melanie Biegler ◽  
Claire Cooper ◽  
Yasmeen Daher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test

Intro This project aimed to teach third grade students the differences between viral and bacterial infections through active learning. Presentation effectiveness and students’ retention of information were assessed using a game and post-quiz. This project addresses the school’s concern about the misunderstanding of causes and treatments of illnesses. Methods Students took a pre-quiz in order to establish their base knowledge of bacterial and viral infections. A question and answer style presentation was utilized to teach differences between viral and bacterial illnesses, as well as the appropriate management of each. An interactive game of “doctor and patient” was then played, during which students were given a bacterial or viral infection scenario and choose associated symptoms and management utilizing pre-made answer cards. Finally, a post-quiz was administered to determine short-term change in knowledge. Students were given an informational magnet and flyer to share with parents or guardians to re-enforce the information. Results Of the 20 participants that took the pre-quiz, only a subset of 18 were available to take the post-quiz. The overall analysis of post-test questions portrayed an increased number of correct answers after the presentation and game. Individually, question two was trending towards significance, with a p value of .08.  Despite a lack of significance, students overall scored higher on the post-quiz and were better able to distinguish between types of infections and determine proper management. Conclusion Parents often seek the use of antibiotics for their children even when viral infections are present, which do not warrant antibiotic interventions. Understanding the signs, symptoms, and differences between viral and bacterial infections may help community members seek appropriate care and may reduce requests for antibiotics. It is more likely that community members will use antibiotics correctly if they have a better understanding of when they are warranted. In future studies, with larger parameters, a significant difference can be made in children and their families’ understanding of antibiotics, reducing misuse and misunderstanding within the community as a whole. Limitations Given the overall small sample size in our study, the data were limited statistically and may not be generalizable. Additionally, two students that took the pre-test quiz were not available to take the post- test, further limiting our sample size. We did not pair data between the pre-test and post-test due to a desire to preserve student anonymity. This pairing may have allowed for further analysis of specific results.

scholarly journals Screening of Rabies among Dogs in Kelantan Using Direct Fluorescence Antibody Test (DFAT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Fawzia Shalsh ◽  
Imad Ibrahim Ali Al-Sultana ◽  
Abdul Rahman Bin Azizc, ◽  
Salahudeen Muhamad Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Viral Glycoprotein ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Inarguably, in several developing and in-transition countries, human are threatened by the occurrence of rabies in domestic dogs and it is posing a major concern. However, the infection of rabies in domestic livestock could definitely have economic consequences. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of rabies among dogs in Kelantan by the use of Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) to determine presence of rabies infection in dogs. The detected rabies cases were 12.5% (1 out of 8 samples). The finding might be inconclusive due to small sample size. It was generally difficult to obtain a satisfactory large number representing high sample size. The positive control used in this research work is made up of inactivated rabies vaccine (Rabisin®) whose antigenic determinant is the viral glycoprotein. It was sufficient to be used although the use of live rabies virus for inoculation in brain tissue smear would be a better option for positive control. The finding from the florescence microscopy examination reveals a good brilliant green fluoresce of high grade (+4) for the positive control. The results of the samples show all negative at conjugate dilution 1:100.

scholarly journals Prevalence of myopia in school children in Southern Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Deshmukh ◽  
Rishi Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Among the refractive errors, myopia is the most common in school children. Due to myopia, school children are unable to see the blackboard which severely affects their performance. Moreover, they are unable to play outdoor sports thereby hampering their all-round development.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational and analytical study. All children from 5-12 years attending eye OPD were included. Detailed history was taken and complete ophthalmic examination was done. Low myopia was defined as refractive error of -0.25D to -3D. Moderate myopia was defined refractive error of -3.25 D to -6 D. High myopia was defined as refractive error of ≥-6D. The children were divided into 3 groups according to their age (in years): group-1 (5-7), group-2 (8-9) and group-3 (10-12). The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 24.  P value was calculated by chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:   153 children were examined, out of which 72 (47.1%) were males and 81 (52.9%) were females. Group-1, group-2 and group-3 had 38, 38, 77 children respectively. Out of 153 children, 26 (16.99%) were found to be myopic. Out of 26 myopic children, males were 11 (42.3%) and females were 15 (57.69%) (p>0.05), Low, moderate and high myopia was found in 19 (73.07%), 6 (23.07%) and 1 (3.84%) child respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in school children is 16.99%. There is a need for regular screening of school children to diagnose myopia in them. The limitation of this study is hospital based and small sample size. So, we recommend a community-based study with a larger sample size.

scholarly journals Oral Bacterial Microbiomes in Association with Potential Prediabetes Using Different Criteria of Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7436
Author(s):  
Kornwipa Rungrueang ◽  
Suraphong Yuma ◽  
Chanita Tantipoj ◽  
Siribang-on Piboonniyom Khovidhunkit ◽  
Pornpoj Fuangtharnthip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Potential Biomarker

This study aimed to find a potential biomarker that can be used to diagnose prediabetic condition by comparing the salivary bacterial microbiomes between Thai dental patients with normoglycemia (NG) and those with potential prediabetes (PPG) conditions. Thirty-three subjects were randomly recruited. Demographic data were collected along with oral examination and unstimulated salivary collections. The salivary bacterial microbiomes were identified by high-throughput sequencing on the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Microbiomes in this study were composed of 12 phyla, 19 classes, 29 orders, 56 families, 81 genera, and 184 species. To check the validity of the selection criterion for prediabetes, we adopted two separate criteria to divide samples into PPG and NG groups using glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. Using the HbA1c level resulted in the significant reduction of Alloprevotella, Neisseria, Rothia, and Streptococcus abundances in PPG compared with those in NG (p-value < 0.05). On the other hand, the abundance of Absconditabacteriales was significantly reduced whereas Leptotrichia, Stomatobaculum, and Ruminococcaceae increased in the PPG group when the samples were classified by the FPG level (p-value < 0.05). It is implied that the group classifying criterion should be carefully concerned when investigating relative abundances between groups. However, regardless of the criteria, Rothia is significantly dominant in the NG groups, suggesting that Rothia might be a potential prediabetic biomarker. Due to the small sample size of this study, further investigation with a larger sample size is necessary to ensure that Rothia can be a potential biomarker for prediabetes in Thai people.

Evaluation of antipyretic activity of Belladonna and Pyrogenium ultrahigh dilutions in induced fever model

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Ahmad ◽  
Waheed Mumtaz Abbasi ◽  
Tayyeba Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Baker’S Yeast ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Baker's Yeast ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Belladonna and Pyrogenium are commonly used to treat fever in homeopathy. But in vivo antipyretic activity of these medicines is not reported yet. The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrahigh dilutions of Belladonna (Bell) and Pyrogenium (Pyro) in fever model of rabbits induced by Baker's yeast. Methods Healthy, local strain rabbits (♂ and ♀) were divided into seven groups (n=42): Normal control, negative control, standard control, pyro 1000c, pyro 200c, Bell 1000c and Bell 200c. Fever was induced by intra peritoneal injection of 135 mg/kg Baker’s yeast suspension. Rectal temperature was measured hourly. All the medicines were administered once a day. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM. ANOVA and least significant difference post hoc test were applied for checking the level of significance, p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results Pyro in both potencies significantly reduced fever in rabbits compared to negative control group, while both potencies of Bell were ineffective. Paracetamol and Pyro 1000c reduced by 1.2 °C (39.7 ± 0.1 to 38.5 ± 0.1), while Pyro 200c reduced by 1 °C temperature (39.7 ± 0.5 to 38.7 ± 0.2). Conclusions Pyro possesses marked antipyretic activity in rabbit’s Baker's yeast fever model. It would embolden its clinical use in fever with more guarantee of its efficacy. However, caveat of small sample size necessitates replication of experiment in large sample size.

INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF MULTICOLLINEARITY ON LINEAR REGRESSION ESTIMATES.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Kunle Bayo Adewoye ◽  
Ayinla Bayo Rafiu ◽  
Titilope Funmilayo Aminu ◽  
Isaac Oluyemi Onikola
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Ridge Regression ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Elastic Net ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
The Impact

Multicollinearity is a case of multiple regression in which the predictor variables are themselves highly correlated. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of multicollinearity on linear regression estimates. The study was guided by the following specific objectives, (i) to examined the asymptotic properties of estimators and (ii) to compared lasso, ridge, elastic net with ordinary least squares. The study employed Monte-carlo simulation to generate set of highly collinear and induced multicollinearity variables with sample sizes of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 1000 as a source of data in this research work and the data was analyzed with lasso, ridge, elastic net and ordinary least squares using statistical package. The study findings revealed that absolute bias of ordinary least squares was consistent at all sample sizes as revealed by past researched on multicollinearity as well while lasso type estimators were fluctuate alternately. Also revealed that, mean square error of ridge regression was outperformed other estimators with minimum variance at small sample size and ordinary least squares was the best at large sample size. The study recommended that ols was asymptotically consistent at a specified sample sizes on this research work and ridge regression was efficient at small and moderate sample size.

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