scholarly journals Inflation versus filling-in: why we feel we see more than we actually do in peripheral vision

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Odegaard ◽  
Min Yu Chang ◽  
Hakwan Lau ◽  
Sing-Hang Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Visual Periphery ◽  
Subjective Level ◽  
Perceptual Capacity ◽  
Perceptual Phenomenon

AbstractDo we perceive fine details in the visual periphery? Here, we propose that phenomenology in the visual periphery can be characterized by an inflated sense of perceptual capacity, as observers overestimate the quality of their perceptual inputs. Distinct from the well-known perceptual phenomenon of “filling-in” where perceptual content is generated or completed endogenously, inflation can be characterized by incorrect introspection at the subjective level. The perceptual content itself may be absent or weak (i.e., not necessarily filled-in), and yet such content is mistakenly regarded by the system as rich. Behaviorally, this can be reflected by metacognitive deficits in the degree to which confidence judgments track task accuracy, and decisional biases for observers to think particular items are present, even when they are not. In two experiments using paradigms which exploit unique attributes of peripheral vision (crowding and summary statistics), we provide evidence that both types of deficits are present in peripheral vision, as observers’ reports are marked by overconfidence in discrimination judgments and high numbers of false alarms in detection judgments. We discuss potential mechanisms which may be the cause of inflation and propose future experiments to further explore this unique sensory phenomenon.

scholarly journals Inflation versus filling-in: why we feel we see more than we actually do in peripheral vision

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1755) ◽  
pp. 20170345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Odegaard ◽  
Min Yu Chang ◽  
Hakwan Lau ◽  
Sing-Hang Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Visual Periphery ◽  
Cognitive Access ◽  
Subjective Level ◽  
Perceptual Phenomenon

Do we perceive fine details in the visual periphery? Here, we propose that phenomenology in the visual periphery can be characterized by an inflated sense of perceptual capacity, as observers overestimate the quality of their perceptual inputs. Distinct from the well-known perceptual phenomenon of ‘filling-in’ where perceptual content is generated or completed endogenously, inflation can be characterized by incorrect introspection at the subjective level. The perceptual content itself may be absent or weak (i.e. not necessarily filled-in), and yet such content is mistakenly regarded by the system as rich. Behaviourally, this can be reflected by metacognitive deficits in the degree to which confidence judgements track task accuracy, and decisional biases for observers to think particular items are present, even when they are not. In two experiments using paradigms that exploit unique attributes of peripheral vision (crowding and summary statistics), we provide evidence that both types of deficits are present in peripheral vision, as observers' reports are marked by overconfidence in discrimination judgements and high numbers of false alarms in detection judgements. We discuss potential mechanisms that may be the cause of inflation and propose future experiments to further explore this unique sensory phenomenon. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access’.

Detecting Denial of Service Attacks on SIP Based Services and Proposing Solutions

2011 ◽  
pp. 145-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoha Asgharian ◽  
Hassan Asgharian ◽  
Ahmad Akbari ◽  
Bijan Raahemi
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Denial Of Service Attacks ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Multimedia Services ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Signaling Protocol ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Set Up

One of the main goals of employing Next Generation Networks (NGN) is an integrated access to the multimedia services like Voice over IP (VoIP), and IPTV. The primary signaling protocol in these multimedia services is Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). This protocol, however, is vulnerable to attacks, which may impact the Quality of Service (QoS), which is an important feature in NGN. One of the most frequent attacks is Denial of Service (DoS) attack, which is generated easily, but its detection is not trivial. In this chapter, a framework is proposed to detect Denial of Service attacks and a few other forms of intrusions, and then we react accordingly. The proposed detection engine combines the specification- and anomaly-based intrusion detection techniques. The authors set up a test-bed and generate a labeled dataset. The traffic generated for the test-bed is composed of two types of SIP packets: attack and normal. They then record the detection rates and false alarms based on the labeled dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can successfully detect intruders and limit their accesses. The results also confirm that the framework is scalable and robust.

Perceptual Multimedia

2006 ◽  
pp. 187-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghita Ghinea ◽  
Sherry Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Perceptual Quality ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
Content Quality ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Subjective Level

In this chapter, we describe the results of empirical studies which examined the effect of cognitive style on the perceived quality of distributed multimedia. We use two dimensions of Cognitive Style Analysis, Field Dependent/Independent and Verbaliser/Visualiser, and the Quality of Perception metric to characterise the human perceptual experience. This is a metric which takes into account multimedia’s infotainment (combined informational and entertainment) nature, and comprises not only a human’s subjective level of enjoyment with regards to multimedia content quality, but also his/her ability to analyse, synthesise and assimilate the informational content of such presentations. Results show that multimedia content and dynamism are strong factors influencing perceptual quality.

Summary Statistics and Material Categorization in the Visual Periphery

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Benjamin Balas ◽  
Catherine Conlin ◽  
Dylan Shipman
Keyword(s):  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Visual Periphery

scholarly journals The role of Peripheral Vision in the Flashed Face Distortion Effect

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Jamie Bowden ◽  
David Whitaker ◽  
Matt J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Crowding Effect ◽  
Visual Periphery ◽  
Peripheral Location ◽  
Distortion Effect ◽  
Optical Defocus ◽  
Visual Crowding

The flashed face distortion effect is a phenomenon whereby images of faces, presented at 4–5 Hz in the visual periphery, appear distorted. It has been hypothesized that the effect is driven by cortical, rather than retinal, components. Here, we investigated the role of peripheral viewing on the effect. Normally sighted participants viewed the stimulus peripherally, centrally, and centrally with a blurring lens (to match visual acuity in the peripheral location). Participants rated the level of distortion using a Visual Analogue Scale. Although optical defocus did have a significant effect on distortion ratings, peripheral viewing had a much greater effect, despite matched visual acuity. We suggest three potential mechanisms for this finding: increased positional uncertainty in the periphery, reduced deployment of attention to the visual periphery, or the visual crowding effect.

scholarly journals From Quality to Information Quality in Official Statistics

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron S. Kenett ◽  
Galit Shmueli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Engineering Statistics ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
Concept Of Information

Abstract The term quality of statistical data, developed and used in official statistics and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), refers to the usefulness of summary statistics generated by producers of official statistics. Similarly, in the context of survey quality, official agencies such as Eurostat, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), and Statistics Canada have created dimensions for evaluating the quality of a survey and its ability to report ‘accurate survey data’. The concept of Information Quality, or InfoQ provides a general framework applicable to data analysis in a broader sense than summary statistics: InfoQ is defined as “the potential of a data set to achieve a specific (scientific or practical) goal by using a given empirical analysis method.” It relies on identifying and examining the relationships between four components: the analysis goal, the data, the data analysis, and the utility. The InfoQ framework relies on deconstructing the InfoQ concept into eight dimensions used for InfoQ assessment. In this article, we compare and contrast the InfoQ framework and dimensions with those typically used by statistical agencies. We discuss how the InfoQ approach can support the use of official statistics not only by governments for policy decision making, but also by other stakeholders, such as industry, by integrating official and organizational data.

scholarly journals Evaluation of quality assurance instruments in higher education institutions: A case of Oman

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Al-Amri ◽  
Y. Z. Zubairi ◽  
R. Jani ◽  
S. Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Analyse Data

The use of a variety of instruments for quality assurance, management, and enhancement in higher education is well recognized. This article investigated the instruClose Panelments used by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Oman to measure, control, and manage the quality of their services in alignment with the standards set by Oman Academic Accreditation Authority (OAAA). Quality Assurance Managers (QAMs) from five HEIs were interviewed to identify the instruments used by them to fulfil the requirements of each standard and the way they make use of the data gathered by using these instruments. Findings from the study reveal that questionnaires and meetings are the most common instruments used by these institutions to measure, control and assure the efficacy of their current quality activities. In addition, HEIs use summary statistics to analyse data and then present them in meetings or through reports. On the other hand, it was found that substantial efforts are made to collect data but the efficient usage of data is missing. The QAMs reported a lack of awareness among the staff on the importance of collecting data since the staff members believe that these data are collected for documentation purposes only. This study emphasizes the importance of using the data gathered from different instruments in decision making and enhancing the quality of HEIs.

Exploring the role of digital health coaching for men with prostate cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS1586-TPS1586
Author(s):  
Nathan Handley ◽  
Kuang-Yi Wen ◽  
Sameh Gomaa ◽  
Kelly Jean Brassil ◽  
Lindsey Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Health Coaching ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Financial Toxicity ◽  
Cancer Management

TPS1586 Background: Toxicity leading to impaired quality of life is common among men receiving treatment for Prostate Cancer (PCa). Digital interventions may be beneficial in enhancing health self-efficacy in managing symptom burden. This study evaluates the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of digital health coaching intervention on men with PCa. Methods: This pilot study aims to recruit up to 100 adult, English-speaking men with PCa who in the last 2 years have required active treatment, defined as cancer management via active surveillance, surgery, radiation, androgen deprivation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy or a combination of these modalities. Men will be enrolled across the catchment area of Jefferson Health using social media and a variety of other outreach tools approved by the Institutional Review Board. Consented patients are enrolled in a 3-month digital health coaching program which combines weekly calls with up to 4 nudges of evidence-based content delivered via text or email weekly. The program focuses on a weekly health topic, such as physical, mental, social, or financial health, and managing symptoms, and empowers participants to set health goals of importance to them. Primary endpoints include feasibility, defined as 60% of participants completing the 3-month program. The main secondary endpoints measured are health self-efficacy as measured by the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief (CBI-B), quality of life, as measured by the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP), financial toxicity as measured by the Comprehensive Score of Financial Toxicity (COST) and physical and mental health as measured by the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Global Health 10 (PROMIS-10). Outcomes are captured on enrollment and monthly through program completion for a total of 4 data points. Summary statistics will be used to describe patient demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. Summary statistics will also be used to describe CBI, EPIC-CP, PROMIS and COST by assessment time. The change in CBI-B scores from baseline to 3 months will be calculated along with 95% confidence intervals. Additional LMMs will be created to assess the relationship between self-efficacy (CBI) and quality of life (EPIC-CP), financial toxicity (COST) and global health (PROMIS- SF10).

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