scholarly journals Description and lessons learned from the 2014 Dengue outbreak in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Knowledge, attitudes and bite prevention practices among those with confirmed Dengue

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Msellemu ◽  
Tegemeo Gavana ◽  
Hassan Ngonyani ◽  
Yeromin P. Mlacha ◽  
Prosper Chaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks ◽  
Mosquito Breeding

AbstractBackgroundThe frequency and magnitude of Dengue epidemics have increased dramatically in the past 40 years throughout the tropics largely due to unplanned urbanization, globalization and lack of effective mosquito control. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has recently experienced Dengue outbreaks that occur with increasing frequency. Currently, only one serotype is recorded. Without adequate vector monitoring and control, it is certain that further outbreaks will occur.Methods/FindingsA retrospective study followed 100 individuals with confirmed Dengue fever in Kinondoni, Dar es Salaam during the 2014 outbreak. Houses were inspected for mosquito breeding sites and gathered information on Socio-economic Status (SES) and Dengue prevention knowledge.Higher SES tertile had the most Dengue cases: 53 (55%) followed by medium and lower SES with 33 (34%) and 11 (11%) respectively. The highest number of mosquito breeding sites was also found in higher SES households. Kinondoni wards of Manzese, Mwananyamala, Tandale and Mabibo had the highest number of confirmed cases: 18, 13, 13 and 9 respectively. Each ward has large marketplaces, which may have aided dissemination of transmission to other areas.The population remains poorly informed about Dengue transmission: 22% of respondents said Dengue is spread from person to another, 30% did not think mosquitoes spread Dengue and 60% heard about Dengue while in hospital. Knowledge of bite prevention was poor; Dengue mosquito bites outside of sleeping hours but 84% of Dengue patients said that using bednets would prevent vector bites.ConclusionAffluent households are likely to be reservoirs of Dengue vectors having more breeding sites and Dengue cases. Mobile phones whose ownership is high across all social classes seem to be a better tool to communicate information about Dengue. The study established a habitat suitability score, a tool to be used for learning and estimate breeding habitat capacity to be used for vector control before rains begin.Author’s SummaryDengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes causing a flu-like illness that may develop into severe complications such as Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Dengue shock syndrome if the patient contracts two viral serotypes concurrently. There is currently no antiviral treatment or vaccines available against Dengue. Environmental vector control and mosquito bite prevention remain essential to prevent transmission. Due to globalisation and rapid urban expansion, Dar es Salaam is experiencing regular Dengue outbreaks. Without adequate vector control and public awareness, it is certain that these will continue to re-occur.The study presents factors associated with the outbreak in 2014. Rich households have more places for mosquitoes to breed with 54% found in these households and the majority of Dengue cases 55% came from higher SES groups that represented a greater proportion of cases than lower and middle socioeconomic groups, combined. The public was ill-informed about Dengue fever: 84% think bed nets can prevent Dengue, and 60% of the patients only became aware of Dengue while in the hospital with the illness. The study established a habitat suitability score, a tool to be used to estimate breeding habitat capacity before rains begin. Scattered containers especially tyres remain ideal breeding sites. The study highlights the need for waste management to avert future outbreaks.

scholarly journals MAYA INDEX DAN KEPADATAN LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI ANTARA DUSUN TEGALREJO DAN DUSUN KRAJAN KIDUL NANGGUNGAN PACITAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Yelly Atiefsa Narmala ◽  
R. Azizah
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Dengue fever remains a public health problem. Environmental factors influence the mosquito Aedes aegypti’s growth, especially if there are many containers in the neighborhood. The community of Nanggungan Village have a habit of storing water in containers, therefore, they risk to become breeding sites for mosquitoes. This study aims to identify the Maya Index status of Aedes aegypti between Tegalrejo and Krajan Kidul Village. The research was observational with a cross-sectional design. Total samples were 200 homes, which 100 homes from Tegalrejo and 100 homes from Krajan Kidul Village, taken by simple random sampling. The measurement of variables employed observation sheet and analyzed in a descriptive approach. The number of containers observed in the Tegalrejo Village was 394 units, and Karajan Kidul Village was 391 units. Maya Index statuses in Tegalrejo (92%) and Krajan Kidul Village (88%) were low. Maya Index status in Krajan Kidul (13%) was higher than Tegalrejo Village (8%). House Index (HI) in the Tegalrejo (18.0%) was lower than Krajan Kidul Village (25.0%), Container Index in Tegalrejo (5.30%) was lower than in Krajan Kidul Village (8.95%), Breteau Index in Tegalrejo (21.0%) was lower than in Krajan Kidul Village (35.0%), Density Figure in Tegalrejo and Krajan Kidul Village indicated a scale of 3 and 4. Based on the MI’s status, Tegalrejo and Krajan Kidul Village were included as a low-risk category of mosquito breeding sites. Based on the density number of larvae, two villages have a moderate risk of Dengue Fever transmission. The community should implement the Mosquitoes Breeding Sites Eradication Program (PSN 3M Plus) and minimize the presence of the containers.

Dengue Fever: A Continuous Threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hayee ◽  
Amna Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
First Case ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Permanent Cure ◽  
Standing Waters

Dengue fever is a vector borne disease and is caused by DEN Virus. This virus has four differentserotypes. The vectors are two mosquitoes known as Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) and Aedesalbopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito). First case of dengue fever was reported back in 1994 in Karachi. Acomplete outbreak of this epidemic shook the whole nation in 2012.Uptill now, Lahore a city full of culture,witnessed about 16,580 confirmed cases and 257 deaths. About 5000 confirmed cases with 60 deathswere reported from the rest of the provinces. Under guidelines of WHO, Government has made efforts tocombat this epidemic. Although the overall efforts have minimized the outbreak on controllable levels butdengue fever is a continuous threat. Since no permanent cure is available, the transmission of DEN virusis controlled indirectly. So the prime focus is to control mosquito population and decrease the possiblehot spots i.e. mosquito breeding sites in human habitations. Every year, the country witnesses monsoonseason which brings vast areas full of clear standing waters providing breeding sites for mosquitoeswhich ultimately leads to increased number of patients suffering from dengue fever. Efforts have beenmade to fight against dengue including formation of dengue wards in hospitals, vector surveillance,community education, reactive vector control etc. A study has shown prevalence of four mosquito generain Pakistan including Aedes, Culex, Armigeres and Anopheles. All of the above mentioned genera areassociated with disease transmissions as they are the vectors of different viruses and parasites. It is theneed of hour to do a collaborative effort stressing the community mobilization and management in waragainst dengue.Sara Hayee1 and Amna Rehman21Government Post Graduate College for Women, Samanabad, Lahore, Pakistan2M.A.O College, Lahore, Pakistan

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Dengue Fever Outbreak in Karo District, North Sumatera, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Frans Yosep Sitepu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Mosquito Breeding

Dengue fever (DF) infection continues to present a seriuos public health problem in North Sumatera, Indonesia. A DF outbreak was reported in Merek Sub-district, Karo District which is one tourist destination in North Sumatera during April-May 2017. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the risk factors and recommend control measures. An observational study with a matched case control design was conducted. A case was defined as any resident of Merek sub-district who had suffer major clinical symptoms of DF such as fever, severe headache, pain behind eyes, muscle and joint pains, and rash from April – May, 2017. A control was defined as neighbors of cases who did not have clinical signs and symptoms of DF and were matched for age and sex. We interviewed 37 cases and 37 controls. Age cases ranged from 2 year to 37 years (median= 12 years). The multivariate analyses showed that presence of mosquito breeding sites (OR=4.87, 95%CI=1.33-17.85) and habit of hanging worn clothes (OR=5.12, 95%CI=1.25-21.03) were significant risk factors. It is recommended to eliminate mosquito breeding sites routinely, avoid habit of hanging worn clothes, and conduct strict surveillance of DF continously.

scholarly journals Potential of Rainfall, Humidity and Temperature, Against the Increasing of larvae in Makassar City, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1485-1487 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Observation Results

Cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever are associated with the potential for rainfall, temperature, and humidity. In a month mosquitoes can lay eggs approximately four times. In a month mosquitoes can lay eggs between 400 to 600 eggs. Mosquito eggs can survive, do not hatch, for six months because they do not touch the water. The existence of rainfall, humidity, and the appropriate temperature can accelerate the process of hatching mosquito eggs. Secondary data analysis research methods on BMKG data and Makassar City Health Department data in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The data analysis was carried out on 1–8 October 2019. The observation results revealed that high rainfall occurred in January, February, March, April, May and June. In July, August, September the rainfall is very low. Then entering November and December, the rainfall starts to high again. Air temperature does not occur significantly or not too extreme a difference every month. Humidity in the rainy season tends to be high. The incidence of dengue fever in the rainy season tends to increase. The number of mosquito larvae also tends to increase in the rainy season. It is recommended that before entering the rainy season, it should increase awareness of the incidence of dengue fever by reducing mosquito breeding sites through draining, closing, stockpiling. Drain and close the bathtub, and bury cans, plastic, and objects that can become mosquito breeding grounds.

scholarly journals KEJADIAN DBDDI KELURAHAN MANISREJO KECAMATAN TAMAN KOTA MADIUN TAHUN 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firda Lutfi Pangresti ◽  
Tuhu Pinardi ◽  
Hery Koesmantoro
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Pain Patients ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Manisrejo village incidence of dengue fever is the highest among the City of Madiun. Thenumber of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in that village was as many as 84 cases in2010-2014. This study aims to find out about the incidence of dengue fever. By measuringbehavioral factors, assess physical factors, calculating factor-free numbers larva, evaluate PSN(mosquito nest eradication), evaluates health services, measuring the socio-economic factors,and to describe the incidence of dengue fever. This type of research is a descriptive study. Populations were all cases of dengue fever inthe village Manisrejo District of the City of Madiun. The sample is purposive sampling counted84 cases and the controls. The results generated from the calculation of questionnaires and observation done. It isknown that most of the respondents behavior is bad namely 87.8%, physical factors such astemperature and humidity most of the houses of the respondents have optimum temperatureand humidity which is a mosquito breeding sites by 83.67%. Village ofManisrejois still not freefrom larvae, this is because free larva houseswere still below 95%, the mosquito eradicationis bad that is equal to 59.2%, patients with dengue fever in the village Manisrejo utilize healthservices and are willing to seek treatment when exposed to pain, patients with dengue feverat most households were not poor 84,7%. It is recommended to the citizens in order to improve the attitudes and actions ofmosquito control, as well as the mobilization of mosquito eradication movement cadres inparticular for monitoring larvae, as well as public attention to environmental conditions suchas opening a window or vent, this can help to regulate the temperature and humidity.

scholarly journals Perception and practices pertaining to prevention and control of dengue fever among rural population in Mysore district

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 4608
Author(s):  
Nayanabai Shabadi ◽  
Vidya G. S.
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dirty Water ◽  
Mosquito Breeding

Background: Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease in human beings, with 3.6 billion people living in areas with risk of disease transmission. Many dengue prevalence studies have been conducted in urban areas but it is important to remember the often-forgotten rural population who are also affected. The objective of the study was to assess the perceptions and practices related to dengue among residents of rural community.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted for a period of two months, at Suttur village of Mysore district. Total of 200 individuals were interviewed by doing house to house survey to obtain details of socio-demographic characteristics, perceptions regarding dengue and practices of preventive measures for mosquito breeding and man mosquito contact were obtained using a pre tested questionnaire. Results: In the present study 42 (21%) members had ever heard of the disease called dengue and 18 (42.85%) of them knew that dengue fever spreads by mosquito bite and 12 (28.57%) people said it spreads by drinking dirty water, none of them knew which species of mosquitoes spread dengue fever. Many of them perceive that mosquito spreading Dengue breads in dirty water and garbage. Majority of the people used bed nets, mosquito coil and fans as methods of personal protection and 97% they followed weekly cleaning of water containers to eliminate mosquito breeding. Conclusions: the study shows, the knowledge regarding cause, modes of spread of dengue and vector characteristics were poor but the practices towards mosquito control and eliminating the breeding places of mosquito were adequate. 

PENGARUH PELATIHAN PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR DEMAM BERDARAH TERHADAP MAYA INDEX PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DI MAJALENGKA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wawan Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Dengue Vector Control

ABSTRAK  Latar belakang: Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) disebabkan oleh virus Dengue dapat menyebabkan kematian. Pencegahan DBD yang dianggap paling tepat adalah Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelatihan pengendalian vektor Demam Berdarah pada siswa sekolah dasar terhadap Maya Index di Majalengka. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain quasi experiment (pretest-posttest control group design). Sebanyak 4 sekolah terpilih sebagai kelompok intervensi dan 4 sekolah lainnya sebagai kontrol. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV-VI yang terdiri dari 171 siswa pada kelompok intervensi dan 163 pada kelompok kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah formulir pemantauan jentik berkala. Hasil: Jumlah rumah dengan kategori Maya Index tinggi berkurang dari 27,5% menjadi 9,4%. Terjadi penurunan angka BRI kategori tinggi pada kelompok intervensi dari 20,5% menjadi 1,8%. Pada kelompok kontrol tidak terjadi penurunan angka BRI kategori tinggi (22,1%), sebaliknya terjadi penurunan kategori rendah dari 34,4% menjadi 3,7%. Tidak terjadi penurunan angka HRI pada kelompok intervensi maupun kontrol. Kesimpulan: Pelatihan pengendalian vektor Demam Berdarah dapat menurunkan nilai BRI dan Maya Index, tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai HRI. Tidak adanya perubahan nilai HRI menunjukkan bahwa kebersihan dan sanitasi lingkungan merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap probabilitas kejadian demam berdarah. Kata Kunci : Demam Berdarah, Maya Index, pelatihan, pengendalian vektor   ABSTRACT Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) caused by Dengue virus could cause death. The most appropriate prevention of Dengue is eradication of mosquito nests (PSN). This study aims to determine the effect of Dengue vector control training on elementary students towards Maya Index in Majalengka. Method: This study used quasi-experimental design (pretest-posttest control group design). A total of 4 schools were selected as intervention groups and 4 other schools as controls. The subjects were students in grades IV-VI consisting of 171 students in the intervention group and 163 in the control group. The instrument used was periodic larva monitoring form. Results: The number of houses with a high Maya Index category in the intervention group decreased from 27.5% to 9.4%. There was a decrease in the high BRI category in the intervention group from 20.5% to 1.8%. In the control group, there was no decrease in the high BRI category (22.1%), on the contrary, there was a decrease in the low category from 34.4% to 3.7%. There was no decrease in HRI rates both of intervention or control groups. Conclusion: Dengue Fever vector control training could decrease the value of BRI and Maya Index, but does not affect the value of HRI. The absence of changes in HRI  indicate that environmental hygiene and sanitation are factors that influence the probability of dengue fever occurrence. Keywords: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Maya Index, training, vector control

scholarly journals A model for malaria elimination based on learnings from the Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Rajvanshi ◽  
Praveen K. Bharti ◽  
Sekh Nisar ◽  
Himanshu Jayswar ◽  
Ashok K. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Management ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Field Staff ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Abstract Background Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project (MEDP) was started as a Public-Private-Partnership between the Indian Council of Medical Research through National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and Foundation of Disease Elimination and Control of India, which is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative of the Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited. The project’s goal was to demonstrate that malaria can be eliminated from a high malaria endemic district along with prevention of re-establishment of malaria and to develop a model for malaria elimination using the lessons learned and knowledge acquired from the demonstration project. Methods The project employed tested protocols of robust surveillance, case management, vector control, and capacity building through continuous evaluation and training.  The model was developed using the learnings from the operational plan, surveillance and case management, monitoring and feedback, entomological investigations and vector control, IEC and capacity building, supply chain management, mobile application (SOCH), and independent reviews of MEDP. Results The MEDP has been operational since April 2017 with field operations from August 2017, and has observed: (1) reduction in indigenous cases of malaria by about 91 %; (2) need for training and capacity building of field staff for diagnosis and treatment of malaria; (3) need for improvement insecticide spraying and for distribution and usage of bed-nets; (4) need for robust surveillance system that captures and documents information on febrile cases, RDT positive individuals, and treatments provided; (5) need for effective supervision of field staff based on advance tour plan; (6) accountability and controls from the highest level to field workers; and (7) need for context-specific IEC. Conclusions Malaria elimination is a high-priority public health goal of the Indian Government with a committed deadline of 2030. In order to achieve this goal, built-in systems of accountability, ownership, effective management, operational, technical, and financial controls will be crucial components for malaria elimination in India. This manuscript presents a model for malaria elimination with district as an operational unit, which may be considered for malaria elimination in India and other countries with similar geography, topography, climate, endemicity, health infrastructure, and socio-economic characteristics.

scholarly journals Development of a chimeric odour blend for attracting gravid malaria vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betelehem Wondwosen ◽  
Mengistu Dawit ◽  
Yared Debebe ◽  
Habte Tekie ◽  
Sharon R. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Global Vector

Abstract Background Odour-based tools targeting gravid malaria vectors may complement existing intervention strategies. Anopheles arabiensis are attracted to, and stimulated to oviposit by, natural and synthetic odours of wild and domesticated grasses associated with mosquito breeding sites. While such synthetic odour lures may be used for vector control, these may have limited efficacy when placed in direct competition with the natural source. In this study, workflows developed for plant-feeding pests was used to design and evaluate a chimeric odour blend based on shared attractive compounds found in domesticated grass odours. Methods Variants of a synthetic odour blend, composed of shared bioactive compounds previously identified in domesticated grasses, was evaluated sequentially in a two-choice olfactometer to identify a ratio-optimized attractive blend for malaria vectors. During this process, blends with ratios that were significantly more attractive than the previously identified synthetic rice blend were compared to determine which was most attractive in the two-choice olfactometer. To determine whether all volatile components of the most attractive blend were necessary for maximal attraction, subtractive assays were then conducted, in which individual components were removed for the most attractive blend, to define the final composition of the chimeric blend. Binary logistic regression models were used to determine significance in all two-choice assays. The chimeric blend was then assessed under field conditions in malaria endemic villages in Ethiopia, to assess the effect of dose, trap type, and placement relative to ground level. Field data were analyzed both descriptively and using a Welch-corrected t-test. Results A ratio-optimized chimeric blend was identified that significantly attracted gravid An. arabiensis under laboratory conditions. In the field, trap captures of An. arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis were dependent on the presence of the lure, trap type (CDC, BG Sentinel and Suna traps), placement relevant to ground level, with low release rates generally luring more mosquitoes. Conclusions The workflow designed for the development of chimeric lures provides an innovative strategy to target odour-mediated behaviours. The chimeric lure identified here can be used in existing trapping systems, and be customized to increase sustainability, in line with goals of the Global Vector Control Response Group.

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