scholarly journals Behavioral and physiological evidence that increasing group size ameliorates the impacts of social disturbance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Anderson ◽  
Alexander G. Little ◽  
David N. Fisher ◽  
Brendan L. McEwen ◽  
Brett M. Culbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
Group Stability ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Large Groups

ABSTRACTIntra-group social stability is important for the long-term productivity and health of social organisms. We evaluated the effect of group size on group stability in the face of repeated social perturbations using a cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. In a laboratory study, we compared both the social and physiological responses of individuals from small versus large groups to the repeated removal and replacement of the most dominant group member (the breeder male). Individuals living in large groups were overall more resistant to instability but were seemingly slower to recover from perturbation. Members of small group were more vulnerable to instability but recovered faster. Breeder females in smaller groups also showed greater physiological preparedness for instability following social perturbations. In sum, we recover both behavioral and physiological evidence that living in larger groups helps to dampen the impacts of social instability in this system.Summary StatementSocial stability is vital for group productivity and long-term persistence. Here, both behavioral and physiological evidence conveys that larger groups are less susceptible to social disturbance.

scholarly journals Behavioral and physiological evidence that increasing group size ameliorates the impacts of social disturbance

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb217075
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Anderson ◽  
Alexander G. Little ◽  
David N. Fisher ◽  
Brendan L. McEwen ◽  
Brett M. Culbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
Group Stability ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Group Member

ABSTRACTIntra-group social stability is important for the long-term productivity and health of social organisms. We evaluated the effect of group size on group stability in the face of repeated social perturbations using a cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. In a laboratory study, we compared both the social and physiological responses of individuals from small versus large groups to the repeated removal and replacement of the most dominant group member (the breeder male), either with a new male (treatment condition) or with the same male (control condition). Individuals living in large groups were overall more resistant to instability but were seemingly slower to recover from perturbation. Members of small groups were more vulnerable to instability but recovered faster. Breeder females in smaller groups also showed greater physiological preparedness for instability following social perturbations. In sum, we discover both behavioral and physiological evidence that living in larger groups helps to dampen the impacts of social instability in this system.

Saudi subsidy reforms unlikely to spark major protests

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
Economic Outlook

Subject Political impact of subsidy reform. Significance Saudi Arabia introduced its first major cut to energy subsidies in January, leading to a rise in petrol, diesel, fuel oil, natural gas and electricity prices. Further cuts will be necessary to avert a fiscal crisis -- but with cheap energy seen as a basic part of the social contract between the government and the population, such measures are expected to have wide-reaching political repercussions. Impacts A decision to reverse subsidy cuts in the face of protest would undercut government credibility and reduce the prospect of further reforms. Yet persisting with subsidy reforms could damage government legitimacy and political capital among the youth and lower classes. Successful reforms will improve the long-term economic outlook, and the succession prospects of Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

scholarly journals Social security of the individual and technological determinism: human dialectics, science and technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 05016
Author(s):  
Andrey Shilovtsev ◽  
Natalia Sorokina ◽  
Konstantin Stozhko ◽  
Dmitry Stozhko ◽  
Jose Luis Lopez Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Engineering And Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the study is to assess the multidimensional nature of the relationship between the social security of the individual and the new technical and technological reality. Using the example of the dialectics of science and technology, the noosphere and the technosphere, the article reveals the nature and features of such interrelations in the conditions of modern globalism, a new scientific and technological revolution and the transition of society to a new technological order. An analysis of the concepts of “transhumanism”, “posthuman” and a number of other terms is given, as well as the results of modern discussions of the problem under study. The article substantiates the idea that effective management of the modern technosphere is associated with the preservation of the basic traditional value foundations of society’s existence, which made it possible to create modern engineering and technology and which are able to provide the necessary dynamic balance between science and technology in the face of steadily growing social instability, uncertainty and risks.

Group composition and cohesion in sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 1119-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Lingle
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Mule Deer ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Habitat Variation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Large Groups

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been reported to live in smaller groups than mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Group size, however, generally varies with habitat conditions, and no comparison has been made between the social structures of the two species living in the same ecological conditions. I compared the size, composition, and stability of groups formed by sympatric whitetails and mule deer living in a prairie habitat in southern Alberta. Seasonal trends were similar for the two species. Females and fawns usually formed small groups during summer. Larger mixed-sex groups became increasingly common during winter, well after the breeding season. Despite the similar seasonal trend, mule deer were significantly more likely than whitetails to occur in relatively large groups composed of both sexes during winter, and whitetails were more likely to occur in small female groups. Mule deer groups were more stable than whitetail groups, and marked mule deer fawns developed strong associations with other known fawns. Habitat variation was limited and was not related to group size. These results show that the composition and cohesion of whitetail and mule deer groups differ, even when the species live in similar circumstances. The differences in grouping behaviour, larger more cohesive groups formed by mule deer than by whitetails, are consistent with those expected to result from the selection pressure of predation.

Social Stability Risk Assessment of Jianli-Jiangling Highway Project — Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 2193-2198
Author(s):  
Gui Mei He ◽  
Yi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Analytic Hierarchy Process ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Highway Project

Highway as a significant part of social infrastructure affects the interests of all social aspects during construction and thus will bring about social instability risks. In this paper, the social instability risks from Jianli-Jiangling Highway project were identified and evaluated using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The results will promote science-based decision-making and careful use of preventive measures, and thus ensure the evaluated project can be smoothly implemented. This study will provide some references for similar projects in the future.

scholarly journals The Social Media Experiences of Long-term Patients: Illness, Identity, and Participation

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brita Ytre-Arne
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Identity Narratives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Abstract The present article investigates the meanings of social media use for long-term patients, focusing on a group of Norwegian bloggers diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). This severe illness can confine patients to their homes for long periods of time, drastically reducing possibilities to participate on most social arenas and leaving Internet use as a rare opportunity for connection with the outside world. A qualitative analysis of interviews with ME bloggers investigates the meanings of social media use in this particular situation. Drawing on perspectives from research on patients’ Internet use, this phenomenon is analysed as management of identity narratives in the face of illness. However, the article further argues that the concept of participation provides a relevant supplementary perspective that highlights the societal and political relevance of these practices.

Large group size yields group stability in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher

Behaviour ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1615-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Taborsky ◽  
Lyanne Brouwer ◽  
Dik Heg ◽  
Zina Bachar
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Neolamprologus Pulcher ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Group Members ◽  
One Year ◽  
Large Groups

AbstractGroup size has been shown to positively influence survival of group members in many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, including the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, suggesting Allee effects. However, long-term data are scarce to test how these survival differences translate into changes in group extinction risk, group size and composition. We show in a field study of 117 groups from six different colonies (three from two populations each), that group size critically influences these parameters between years. Within one year, 34% of the groups went extinct. Group size correlated positively between years and large groups did not go extinct. The latter were more likely to contain small helpers the subsequent year, which is a cumulative measure of the previous months' reproductive success. Finally, there was a tendency that large groups were more likely to contain a breeding male and female still a year after the first check. The breeder male size, breeder female size, and largest helper size did not influence these parameters, and also did not correlate with the sizes of these categories of fish after one year. This suggests that group size, and not the body size or fighting ability of group members, was the critical variable determining the success of groups. In total, seven groups had fused with other groups between years. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing long-term benefits of large group size in a cooperatively breeding fish. We discuss the importance of differential survival and dispersal of group members for the demonstrated group size effects.

Area-based Responses to Educational Disadvantage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Kerr ◽  
Alan Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Educational Disadvantage ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Post Industrial

Countries across the world struggle to break the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and educational outcomes. Even in otherwise affluent countries, children and young people from poor and marginalized families tend to do badly in education, and their lack of educational success makes it more likely that they will remain in poverty as adults. Moreover, socio-economic disadvantage and educational failure in these countries tend to be concentrated in particular places, such as the poor neighborhoods of large cities or of post-industrial towns. This has led policy-makers and practitioners in many administrations to favor area-based initiatives (ABIs), which target such places, as one set of responses to social and educational disadvantage. Some ABIs are limited to funding schools more generously in disadvantaged areas or giving them additional support and flexibilities. The more ambitious initiatives, however, seek to develop multistrand interventions to tackle both the educational and the social and economic problems of areas simultaneously. The evaluation evidence suggests that these initiatives have so far met with limited success at best. This has led some critics to conclude that there is a fundamental contradiction in their use of purely local interventions to tackle problems that originate outside ABIs’ target areas, in macro-level social and economic processes. However, it is possible to construct a convincing rationale for these initiatives by understanding the social ecologies that shape children’s outcomes, and by formulating holistic interventions aimed at reducing the risks in those ecologies and enhancing children’s resilience in the face of those risks. There is, moreover, evidence of a new generation of ABIs that has begun to emerge recently. These new ABIs are able to operate strategically and over the long-term, rather than being bound by the short-term nature of policy-making. These newer initiatives may offer a better prospect of tackling the link between social and educational disadvantage, even in unpromising economic circumstances, and even within the context of “politics as usual.”

Street-corner society and everyday politics in the Beijing hutong

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Audin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Street Corner

This chapter studies the politics of everyday life and social change in the Beijing hutong (胡同) through an ethnographic lens. Unlike the political experience of the urban middle class in new housing compounds, the hutong presents specific localized power configurations inherited from a long-term evolution of everyday social interactions with the urban fabric. Coping with the alteration of the social fabric – the loss of local references in the face of growing anonymity – hutong residents invent tactics of resistance through discrete ‘arts of making’ to resist the biopolitics of urban redevelopment, while at the same time, participate in the official, state-led, neighbourhood political life in the context of growing anonymity.

scholarly journals Durable Freshwater Protection: A Framework for Establishing and Maintaining Long-Term Protection for Freshwater Ecosystems and the Values They Sustain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Higgins ◽  
John Zablocki ◽  
Amy Newsock ◽  
Andras Krolopp ◽  
Phillip Tabas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Ecosystem Protection ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Protection Goals

Long-term protection is needed to secure threatened freshwater ecosystems and the social and biodiversity values they provide. In the face of existing and future pressures, current approaches to freshwater protection are often inadequate for maintaining ecosystem values into the future. While terrestrial and marine ecosystem protection are well recognized and have area-based protection goals in global conventions, freshwater ecosystem characteristics have remained poorly represented in these goals. Freshwater ecosystems are commonly secondary or unaddressed components of area-based terrestrial protection. The design and management for terrestrial-based protection are generally inadequate for addressing freshwater ecosystem processes and attributes critical for maintaining their natural patterns and the values they provide to people and nature. Given that freshwater-dependent species are declining at a faster rate than marine and terrestrial species, and the reliance and use of freshwater ecosystems by people living around such areas, approaches to protect them must balance the needs of people and nature and accommodate these complexities.

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