scholarly journals Bombs and cocaine: detecting nefarious nitrogen sources using remote sensing and machine learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Adams ◽  
Soo Mei Chee ◽  
David Bell ◽  
Oliver P.F. Windram
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Hyperspectral Sensing

AbstractPlants are treated with synthetic or organic nitrogen sources to increase growth and yield, the most common being calcium ammonium nitrate. However, some nitrogen sources are used in illicit activities. Ammonium nitrate is used in explosive manufacture and ammonium sulphate in the cultivation and extraction of the narcotic cocaine from Erythroxylum spp. Here we show that hyperspectral sensing, multispectral imaging and machine learning image analysis can be used to visualise and differentiate plants exposed to different nefarious nitrogen sources. Metabolomic analysis of leaves from plants exposed to different nitrogen sources reveals shifts in colourful metabolites that may contribute to altered reflectance signatures. Overall this suggests that different nitrogen feeding regimes alter plant secondary metabolism leading to changes in the reflectance spectrum detectable via machine learning of multispectral data but not the naked eye. Our results could facilitate the development of technologies to monitor illegal activities involving various nitrogen sources and further inform nitrogen application requirements in agriculture.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nitrate fertilisers as nitrogen sources for spring pasture

1997 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
M.D. Craighead ◽  
J.A. Hayward ◽  
A.M. Howie
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Since 1994 Ravensdown have carried out a series of pastoral trials in South Canterbury, aimed at looking at the relative effectiveness of different forms of nitrogen in the spring. These trials showed that in general those N products containing some nitrate-N (i.e., calcium ammonium nitrate - CAN, and ammonium sulphate nitrate - ASN) could be more effective than urea and ammonium sulphate when soil temperatures were low. However, responses were inconsistent because of spring climatic conditions. In 1994 and 1996 CAN produced the most dry matter but in 1995, responses to the form of N were less clear. Responses to nitrate-N were generally best when spring soil temperatures were 3-5°C at the time of application. The magnitude of N responses varied with the rate applied, and the type of pasture to which N was applied. Responses generally lasted the equivalent of two to three grazings. Keywords: ammonium-N, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphate nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, nitrate fertilisers, nitrate-N, urea

scholarly journals Respon dua genotip kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) dengan pemberian tiga sumber pupuk nitrogen di dataran medium

Agromix ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Anggi Handa Suwandi ◽  
Anis Rosyidah ◽  
Anis Sholihah
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Potato Genotype ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of two potato genotypes (S) due to three sources of nitrogen (G) fertilizer on medium plains. The study was arranged in a two-factor, randomized block design factorial and was repeated three times. The first factor is the source of N fertilizer, consisting of three levels: S1 = ZA ((NH4)2SO4), S2 = urea (CO(NH2)2), and S3 = ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The second factor was potato genotype, consisting of two levels G1 = MS 13 genotype and G2 = At 4 genotype. The data obtained were analyzed by F test at 5% level (ANOVA) to determine the effect of treatment and further LSD test was carried out to determine differences between treatments, and multiple regression analysis to determine the most influential factors on potato tuber starch content. The results showed that the highest starch content was obtained by the At 4 genotype of 18,50% and was suitable for medium plains. While the starch content of the MS 13 genotype was 17,53%. For fertilizing nitrogen sources, it is recommended to use ammonium nitrate, because it obtains the highest yield of 27,30 tons ha-1 from other nitrogen fertilizer sources.    

Effects of nitrogen and its carriers with different topping heights on growth, yield and quality of tobacco

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
S. R. Mahadik
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Yield And Quality

SUMMARYIn this investigation the largest amount of nitrogen used, 44 kg per hectare, increased leaf size, yield and amount of nicotine in the leaf. The three carriers of N had similar effects on growth and yield at each amount applied but calcium ammonium nitrate produced tobacco inferior in quality to that with ammonium sulphate and urea. Increasing topping height from 8 to 10 and to 12 leaves increased the total leaf area per plant and yields, delayed maturity and lowered the quality of the tobacco. The greatest yield was produced by using 44 kg of N and topping at 12 leaves, but the best quality resulted from using 44 kg of N and topping at 8 leaves.

scholarly journals Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and calcium-ammonium nitrate on ruminal in vitro fermentation of bahiagrass hay with supplemental molasses

animal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 100195
Author(s):  
D.D. Henry ◽  
F.M. Ciriaco ◽  
R.C. Araujo ◽  
M.E. Garcia-Ascolani ◽  
P.L.P. Fontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Soil Nitrogen Balance of Different N Fertilizers for Top Dressing Rye as Energy Crop for Electricity Generation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Carlos Martín Sastre ◽  
Ruth Barro ◽  
Yolanda González-Arechavala ◽  
Ana Santos-Montes ◽  
Pilar Ciria
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Ghg Savings

Nitrogen fertilizers have been identified in energy crops LCAs as the main contributors to global warming, as well as to many other environmental impacts. The distinct production process and application emissions of nitrogen fertilizer types for top dressing produce different GHG savings when energy crops value chains are compared to fossil energy alternatives. In this study, three types of fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate) at N top dressing rates of 80 kg N/ha are used to grow rye for electricity generation under the conditions of the Continental Mediterranean climate of central-northern Spain. Complete LCAs for the whole value chain based on real data were performed in conjunction with soil nitrogen balances (SNBs) to assess the accomplishment of European Union (EU) GHG savings sustainability criteria, as well as the sustainability of fertilization practices for soil nitrogen stocks. The results obtained can provide interesting insights for policy making, since calcium ammonium nitrate, the most common fertilizer for rye crops, led to 66% GHG savings, as opposed to the 69% achieved when applying urea and 77% when ammonium sulphate was used. Nevertheless, the three fertilizers produced annual soil deficits greater than 50 kg N/ha. In order to ensure savings above 80%, as required by the EU sustainability criteria, and sustainable SNBs, additional optimization measures should be taken at key points of the value chain.

Machine learning analysis of multispectral imaging and clinical risk factors to predict amputation wound healing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Squiers ◽  
Jeffrey E. Thatcher ◽  
David Bastawros ◽  
Andrew J. Applewhite ◽  
Ronald D. Baxter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Clinical Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Learning Analysis

scholarly journals Ammonia emissions from urea, stabilized urea and calcium ammonium nitrate: insights into loss abatement in temperate grassland

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Forrestal ◽  
M. Harty ◽  
R. Carolan ◽  
G. J. Lanigan ◽  
C. J. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Temperate Grassland ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

scholarly journals Differences in rainfall and temperature define the use of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on managed grassland in UK, NL [Netherlands] and Eire

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Bussink ◽  
O. Oenema
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Decision Support Model ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Support Model

There are distinct differences between the Netherlands (NL) and the United Kingdom (UK) in the use of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (Ca-AmmN) fertilizers on grassland. It has been known for some time that rainfall and temperature affect NH3 volatilization from urea and its agronomic efficiency. This study aimed (i) to examine rainfall and temperature pattern in NL and UK in relation to the observed urea efficiency, and (ii) to provide a simple decision support model for farmers to enable them to choose the most appropriate N fertilizer. A statistical analysis (residual maximum likelihood) of existing data from numerous field trials was undertaken. The agronomic efficiency of urea compared to Ca-AmmN in field trials was expressed as (i) urea relative N yield (Urel-N-y), and (ii) apparent-urea relative (N) yield (Uarel-(N)-y). In NL, (Urel-N-y) did not significantly differ from 100% on peat grassland. Mean (Urel-N-y) on sand and clay was 95%, in both cases. Mean seasonal Uarel-y and Uarel-N-y for the summed data of sand and clay soils was 92.3 and 86.4%, respectively, without significant differences between first and later cuts. There was no significant improvement of UNapp-relY in the last decades. In the first cut, mean Uarel-y was lower than in UK (100.9%) and Eire (100.2%). Differences in efficiency between countries could be described by short-term rainfall and temperature. By aggregating NL, UK and Eire data a simple regression equation was derived: Uarel-y= 89.48(+or-0.78) +[2.188(+or-0.15)xR3] -[1.091(+or-0.07)xT3], where R3 and T3 are rainfall amount and average temperature within three days after fertilizer application, respectively. The decision support model based on this equation showed that under prevailing NL weather conditions it will be profitable for the farmer to apply urea instead of calcium ammonium nitrate, for the first and second cut, only once every 5 and 7 years, respectively, because R3's exceeding 6 and 9.5 mm are required.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characteristics and productivity of tomato plants in function of nitrogen sources and doses

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Silva Assunção ◽  
Natalia Oliveira Silva ◽  
Flávio Lemes Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo Angelo de Aquino ◽  
Maria Elisa De Sena Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tomato Plants

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources and rates on the physicochemical characteristics and yield of tomato plants. Forty hybrids were cultivated at 100 and 400 kg ha-1 of N, combined with four sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium), plus a treatment without N application in a randomized complete block design four replicates. Size, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), leaf nitrogen, number of fruits / plants, fruit firmness, bark thickness and average fruit size, ° BRIX, pH, calcium, potassium and sodium in fruits. There was an increase in SPAD index, Brix and longitudinal diameter of fruits as a function of the N dose. The use of ammonium nitrate and calcium provided stronger fruits. Urea and ammonium nitrate provided the highest pH value in tomato fruits. The application of the 100 kg ha-1 dose of N resulted in the highest potassium content in fruits. The highest productivity was obtained with the application of sources containing ammonium and the lowest in the control treatment. Sources and doses of nitrogen fertilizers influenced growth, productivity and parameters related to tomato quality.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document