Structural change and poverty elimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Yifu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Poverty Elimination ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
New Structural Economics

Purpose The United Nations adopted 17 goals for sustainable development, which has been known as the 17 SDGs. Knowing how to achieve these goals will be very important for many countries. The first of the 17 is no poverty. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to realize no poverty in UN’s SDGs by focusing on structural changes based on the New Structural Economics. Design/methodology/approach This paper explains the relationship between structural changes and people’ s income in both rural and urban areas, and then introduces how to eliminate poverty from a New Structural Economics’ perspective. Finally, it discusses what to do to make these changes a reality. Findings To reduce and eventually eliminate poverty, increasing personal income becomes the first step. From national perspective, structural changes are related to an income increase. In rural and urban areas alike, the structural changes will usually be accompanied by new technologies and job opportunities, which will help people improve their incomes. Originality/value This paper explains relationship between structural changes and poverty elimination. How to increase people’s income is also discussed according to New Structural Economics. This paper’s findings may well be valuable for research on poverty elimination in the future.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

Factors affecting fear of crime: a study of elderly in a district of Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-227
Author(s):  
Avanish Bhai Patel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Purpose Fear of crime is an emerging social problem in Indian society that has a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. In the view of this fact, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors such as (prior victimisation, vulnerability and incivility) which contribute their role in bringing fear of crime among the elderly. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method approach has been applied in this paper. This study has been designed as an exploratory lead-in to a planned wider study into rural–urban context as possible factors in shaping the victimisation experience. The study has been conducted from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 elderly living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Findings The study found that elderly have been victimised by known persons as compared to unknown persons. Further, the study found that immediate neighbourhood was swarming with loiters, unruly teenagers, gangs, beggars and alcoholic people walk in the society which have significantly impact on the elderly and give threat in neighbourhood. Originality/value This is an original work of researcher.

The impact of values on consumer adoption of takāful with mediating role of religiosity and moderating role of confusion

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Sarfraz ◽  
Asif Khurshid Mian
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Consumer Adoption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose This study aims to address a leading challenge of confusion about the concept of takāful confronted by existing and potential consumers of the insurance industry. There are multiple sources of confusion, including the lack of consensus among religious scholars to implement a standardized business model of takāful, the lack of knowledge or awareness and the lack of skilled or trained personnel, which prevent existing and potential consumers from adopting takāful products or services. The fundamental concept of takāful is introduced mainly to fulfill the religious, social and economic needs of Muslims. Thus, the choice of takāful activates the religious, cultural, family and traditional values of individuals. Hence, the primary purpose of this study is to determine the impact of tradition value and stimulation value on consumer adoption of takāful services. Further, the scope of this study is extended to establish the mediating role of religiosity and moderating role of confusion on the association between traditional value and consumer adoption of takāful services. Design/methodology/approach This study follows quantitative research methods and a cross-sectional approach for data collection. Thus, the sample is collected from 768 respondents belongs to rural and urban areas by using a close-ended questionnaire. The mediation and moderation analysis are performed by using Andrew F. Hayes process Models-4 and −5. Findings The result reveals that religiosity mediates and confusion moderates the relationship of traditional value and consumer adoption of takāful. However, the traditional value shows a negative effect on consumer adoption of takāful. Moreover, the confusion negatively moderates the association between traditional value and consumer adoption of takāful. Finally, the stimulation value also reflects a negative effect on consumer adoption of takāful services. Originality/value The findings of this study shed novel insights into the existing literature of takāful and basic human values. The outcomes of stimulation values contradict with the findings of Wang et al. (2008). The result of mediation analysis reveals that religiosity plays a vital role in activating the goals of traditional value, which motivates consumers to adopt takāful services. The present study is useful for takāful operators to understand the value priorities of prospect clients belong to rural and urban areas.

Assessing socio-economic development in Bodoland Territorial Area District of Assam in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1559
Author(s):  
Nicodim Basumatary ◽  
Bhagirathi Panda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socio Economic Development

PurposeThe study attempts to assess the socio-economic development in Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) of Assam in North Eastern Region of India. This region is one of the most underdeveloped areas in India. The study also examines whether demographic and social characteristics in the form of social groups, number of family members, number of employed members in the family, education of the head of household, sources of income and location determine the variation in the level of socio-economic development. The authors surveyed 400 households during February to May 2018 in both rural and urban areas of BTAD to achieve the objective of the study.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the concept of Amartya Sen's capability approach (CA) for assessment of development and constructed an index of Multidimensional Development.FindingsThere is variation in the distribution of developmental parameters across the study area. It is found that urban locations have better achievement in the multidimensional index score, while the spread of development is not even in the rural locations. An interesting revelation of this study is that while urban areas depict better performance in income, asset, education and empowerment, they have a relatively lower score in health dimension as compared to rural areas. The study shows that level of development depends on demographic as well as social characteristics of the households.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not analyse temporal dynamics of development that is necessary to examine how development evolves because of data constraints.Originality/valueThe study provides an understanding of the socio-economic development in BTAD area in a multidimensional framework. This study is the first of its kind to assess the nature and extent of development realised in BTAD through the capability framework. The study supports more recent findings.

An examination of factors contributing to student satisfaction in Armenian higher education

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nara Martirosyan
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
College Environment ◽  
Academic Experience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that affect student satisfaction in college environment in Armenian Higher Educational Institutions (AHEIs). Design/methodology/approach – This study used an ex-post facto, non-experimental approach to investigate factors that affected student satisfaction in college environment in AHEIs. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire from students in nine public and three private institutions located in different rural and urban areas of Armenia. The sample consisted of 372 respondents from 12 institutions that geographically covered the whole country in order to have a comparatively complete picture. Factors investigated in relation to student satisfaction included: demographics, faculty services, academic experience, students support facilities, campus life, and social integration. Findings – The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used to analyze the data. Results of ANOVA indicated significant main effects for a number of demographic variables and student satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis indicated relationship between a number of selected satisfaction measurement dimensions and overall student satisfaction. This study was the first attempt to investigate factors that influence student satisfaction in college environment in Armenia. Research limitations/implications – Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to AHEIs for their consideration when addressing the needs of their students and any needed support services. Originality/value – This study was the first attempt to investigate factors that influence student satisfaction in college environment in Armenia.

scholarly journals The Integration of New Technologies in the Geography Lessons

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-246
Author(s):  
Maria Goga ◽  
Dănuț Roșu
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Way

The new technologies have become indispensable in the students' lives, influencing their development at academic and personal levels. It is evident that their use in education is going to change the way of teaching, learning and assessment. Geography lessons are much more interactive when new technologies are integrated into the curriculum. In this article we describe a study regarding the integration of the new technologies in geography lessons. At the study 250 people - 73 teachers and 177 students, from schools and high schools in Romania, both rural and urban areas participated. The research is based on the application of questionnaires and interviews to teachers as well as to students from different schools. As a result of this research, it was concluded that the use of new technologies in geography lessons is important because it helps the formation and consolidation of the knowledge of the children; students understand the information more quickly and easily; lessons are interactive and students' motivation for learning is higher.

Leafy greens as a potential source of multidrug-resistant diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka ◽  
Prem Raj Meena ◽  
Keshav Kumar Meghwanshi ◽  
Anuj Rana ◽  
Arvind Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Rural And Urban

A continued rise in leafy green-linked outbreaks of disease caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella , particularly strains exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), has emerged as a major threat to human health and food safety worldwide. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine antimicrobial resistance, including MDR, in diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) and Salmonella isolates obtained from leafy greens from rural and urban areas of India. Of the collected samples (830), 14.1 and 6.5% yielded 117 E. coli (40 DEC and 77 non-DEC) and 54 Salmonella isolates, respectively. Among the DEC pathotypes, enteroaggregative E. coli was the most prevalent (10.2 %), followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (9.4 %), enteroinvasive E. coli (7.6 %) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (6.8 %). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all bacterial isolates with respect to drugs categorized as critically or highly important in both human and veterinary medicine revealed moderate to high (30–90%) resistance for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, gentamycin and colistin, but relatively low resistance (>30 %) for ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fosfomycin. Notably, all DEC and more than 90% non-DEC or Salmonella isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant to drugs of both human and animal importance. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that leafy greens are potential reservoirs or sources of multidrug-resistant DEC and Salmonella strains in the rural or urban areas of India.

Assessing risk attitudes and time preferences on the rural–urban interface of Bengaluru, India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Wegmann ◽  
Daniel Hermann ◽  
Oliver Musshoff
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Time Preferences ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agricultural Households

PurposeUrbanization is a main driver of the transformation from agricultural-based economies to service-based economies. At the same time, urbanization might also alter preferences and attitudes such as risk and time preferences that contribute to economic growth and foster this transition. To study the effect of urbanization, few studies have compared individual time or risk preferences in rural and urban settings, reporting mixed results. This study analyses how risk and time preferences alter along the rural–urban interface and assesses the correlation of socio-economic, socio-cultural and demographic characteristics with these preferences. Using such an approach provides insights how preferences are altered in areas of transition as the rural–urban interface mirrors different stages of urbanization.Design/methodology/approachUsing experimental approaches, risk attitudes and time preferences of 1,117 agricultural and non-agricultural households were elicited along the rural–urban interface of the fast-developing Indian megacity Bengaluru in 2016/17. The study reports joint estimations of risk and time preferences and discusses the influence of urbanization on these preferences.FindingsResults show that households are on average slightly risk-averse and highly impatient. The results also indicate a decline in discount rates towards rural areas while risk preferences do not considerably differ between those areas. This puzzling result may be explained by difference response of rural and urban areas to the Demonetization policy of the Indian government in 2016.Originality/valueThe research design compares jointly estimated risk and time preferences of agricultural and non-agricultural households of a rapidly urbanizing area in a low-medium income country.

Iodine content of water and foodstuffs from different agroclimatic zones of Haryana State, India

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-388
Author(s):  
Darshan Punia ◽  
Manju Gupta ◽  
Shashi Kala Yadav ◽  
Neelam Khetarpaul
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agroclimatic Zones

PurposeThis study aims to analyze iodine content in various foods and water.Design/methodology/approachFood and water samples were collected from rural and urban areas of different agroclimatic zones of Haryana State, India, and analyzed for iodine content by a standard method.FindingsA wide variation was observed in the iodine content of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits and milk. The iodine content in water samples varied from source to source and from zone to zone.Research limitations/implicationsThe investigators could not obtain sufficient samples of pulses and fruits for analysis from rural areas as they are not grown by farmers in their fields.Originality/valueThe study is original and innovative. The values of iodine for various foods are not available in the literature, and thus data of the present study will be useful to researchers, nutritionists, food scientists and dieticians.

scholarly journals Social protection as a strategy to address climate-induced migration

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schwan ◽  
Xiaohua Yu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Permanent Migration

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the roles of social protection in reducing and facilitating climate-induced migration. Social protection gained attention in the international climate negotiations with the establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Yet, its potential to address migration, considered as a key issue in the loss and damage debate, has not been sufficiently explored. This paper aims at identifying key characteristics of social protection schemes which could effectively address climate-induced migration and attempts to derive recommendations for policy design. Design/methodology/approach Based on the existing literature, the paper links empirical evidence on the effects of social protection to climate-related drivers of migration and the needs of vulnerable populations. This approach allows conceptually identifying characteristics of effective social protection policies. Findings Findings indicate that social protection can be part of a proactive approach to managing climate-induced migration both in rural and urban areas. In particular, public work programmes offer solutions to different migration outcomes, from no to permanent migration. Benefits are achieved when programmes explicitly integrate climate change impacts into their design. Social protection can provide temporary support to facilitate migration, in situ adaptation or integration and adaptation in destination areas. It is no substitution for but can help trigger sustainable adaptation solutions. Originality/value The paper helps close research gaps regarding the potential roles and channels of social protection for addressing and facilitating climate-induced migration and providing public support in destination, mostly in urban areas.

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