Editorial

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

This first issue of 2005 contains a selection of some articles from the recent Open Building conference on Sustainable Environment held in Paris at the CSTB headquarters in September 2004. This issue signals the start of the regular publication of material dealing with Open Building projects either as additional articles in theme issues or as full open building issues twice a year. After more than thirty five years of experience Open Building is a recognizable part of mainstream Architecture in housing and in health care and renovation projects found in many different countries of the world. Open Building projects in general show how users are indispensable decision makers in the design process and act as forces of change and adaptability over time.

Thinking Systemically About Security and Resilience in an Era of Cybered Conflict

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Peter Dombrowski ◽  
Chris C. Demchak
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Systemic Approach ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Civil Societies

The international system now depends on cyberspace, a global ‘substrate' of massive, complex, insecurely designed networks providing systemic advantages to masses of predators and adversaries. States today face an unprecedented spectrum of ‘cybered conflict' between peace and war with growing existential implications. Their piecemeal searches for defensible jurisdictions are creating a rising Cyber Westphalian world crisscrossed with gateways, holes, national cyber forces, and often partial, uncoordinated, or vague strategies. Over time, the world will have robust, midlevel, and poor cyber powers, with the first tier coercing the others and dominating the rules of exchange. Democratic civil societies are not guaranteed to be robust. For acceptable future societal well-being in a deceptive and opaque cybered world, decision-makers need a systemic approach based on the logic of complex socio-technical-economic systems (STES) to create the systemic resilience and disruption capacities across shareable (across allies/sectors) secure architectures essential to becoming a robust cyber power, which is the focus of this chapter.

Material Selection Using a Novel Multiple Attribute Decision Making Method

2012 ◽  
pp. 252-266
Author(s):  
R. V. Rao ◽  
B. K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Selection Problem ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of a most appropriate material is a very important task in design process of every product. There is a need for simple, systematic, and logical methods or mathematical tools to guide decision makers in considering a number of selection attributes and their interrelations and in making right decisions. This paper proposes a novel multiple attribute decision making (MADM) method for solving the material selection problem. The method considers the objective weights of importance of the attributes as well as the subjective preferences of the decision maker to decide the integrated weights of importance of the attributes. Furthermore, the method uses fuzzy logic to convert the qualitative attributes into the quantitative attributes. Two examples are presented to illustrate the potential of the proposed method.

Pharmacoeconomics for Dermatologists: An Introduction

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Aditya K. Gupta ◽  
Paul I. Oh ◽  
Neil H. Shear
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Therapeutic Decision ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making ◽  
Care Decision ◽  
Selection Of

Background: The budgets available for health care are becoming constrained and health care decision makers have increasingly begun to scrutinize cost along with efficacy, tolerability, and cost of the different treatment options for each disease state. In keeping with the above, there has been a marked increase in the number of pharmacoeconomic evaluations published in the medical literature, including dermatology journals. Methods: Comprehensive economic evaluations systematically consider the following: statement of question, defining relevant costs, perspective and time-horizon, synthesis of data on efficacy and effectiveness, and selection of the appropriate analytic type and framework. The conclusions should be tested through extensive sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Economic evaluations are becoming more prevalent in the field of dermatology. A well-constructed analysis may be an aid to more rational therapeutic decision-making.

scholarly journals What happened to infectious diseases and anti-infective therapy in 2020 beyond COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Saray Mormeneo Bayo ◽  
Juan M. García-Lechuz Moya
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Profound Change ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Selection Of

The year 2020 was the year of infectious diseases with the arrival of SARS-CoV-2, which represented a profound change in the world we knew. However, we present a brief description of some of the top infectious diseases articles from 2020 not related with SARS-CoV-2. We reviewed a selection of the most important and relevant achievements in diagnosis and therapy related to bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, infections by Clostridioides difficile, mycobacterial infections and invasive fungal infections. This year entailed a significant step forward in the indisputable value of the health care stewardship programs.

scholarly journals The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists Minimum Capnometer Specifications 2021—A Guide for Health Care Decision Makers

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian W. Gelb ◽  
Robert J. McDougall ◽  
Julian Gore-Booth ◽  
Phoebe-Anne Mainland ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Health Care Decision ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Decision

scholarly journals You are not worth the risk: The ethics of statistical discrimination in organisational selection of applicants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vanessa Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Job Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Your job application is rejected unseen because you ticked a box admitting you smoke. The employer screened out applicants who ticked the 'smoker' box, because she had read empirical studies that suggest smokers, as a group, are a higher productivity risk than non-smokers. What distinctive ethical concerns inhere in the organisational practice of discriminating against applicants on the basis of group risk statistics? I argue that risk-focussed statistical discrimination is morally undesirable due to the lack of respect for applicants as unique autonomous agents. However, I argue further that the decision-making context affects the morality of this discrimination. Other things being equal, the morality of statistical discrimination varies depending on the purpose of the organisation, the level of detail in the discrimination, and whether the discrimination is transparent to applicants and includes some benefit for applicants. Because organisations may have good reason to use risk-focussed statistical discrimination when assessing applicants, I present some recommendations for decision-makers to mitigate the lack of respect for applicants as individual agents. Organisational decision-makers can focus on the extent to which the statistical data they use comprise i) factors that feature efforts and achievements of the applicant; ii) dynamic rather than static factors; and iii) data drawn from the applicant’s own history and actions over time.</p>

scholarly journals Conflict without an Apparent Cause

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Mathews ◽  
Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
The World ◽  
True State ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
Over Time

A game-theoretic model of repeated interaction between two potential adversaries is analyzed to illustrate how conflict could possibly arise from rational decision-makers endogenously processing information, without any exogenous changes to the fundamentals of the environment. This occurs as a result of a convergence of beliefs about the true state of the world by the two players. During each period, each adversary must decide to either stage an attack or not. Conflict ensues if either player chooses to initiate an attack. Choosing to not stage an attack in a given period reveals information to the player’s rival. Thus, over time, beliefs about the true state of the world converge. Depending upon the true state of the world, we can ultimately have either of the two adversaries initiating an attack (either with or without regret) after an arbitrarily long period of tranquility. When this happens, it is as if conflict has suddenly arisen without any apparent cause or impetus. Alternatively (again, depending upon the true state of the world), we could possibly have beliefs converge to a point where neither adversary wants to initiate conflict.

scholarly journals You are not worth the risk: The ethics of statistical discrimination in organisational selection of applicants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vanessa Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Job Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Your job application is rejected unseen because you ticked a box admitting you smoke. The employer screened out applicants who ticked the 'smoker' box, because she had read empirical studies that suggest smokers, as a group, are a higher productivity risk than non-smokers. What distinctive ethical concerns inhere in the organisational practice of discriminating against applicants on the basis of group risk statistics? I argue that risk-focussed statistical discrimination is morally undesirable due to the lack of respect for applicants as unique autonomous agents. However, I argue further that the decision-making context affects the morality of this discrimination. Other things being equal, the morality of statistical discrimination varies depending on the purpose of the organisation, the level of detail in the discrimination, and whether the discrimination is transparent to applicants and includes some benefit for applicants. Because organisations may have good reason to use risk-focussed statistical discrimination when assessing applicants, I present some recommendations for decision-makers to mitigate the lack of respect for applicants as individual agents. Organisational decision-makers can focus on the extent to which the statistical data they use comprise i) factors that feature efforts and achievements of the applicant; ii) dynamic rather than static factors; and iii) data drawn from the applicant’s own history and actions over time.</p>

Introduction: Desert Island Discs in context

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Brown ◽  
Nicholas Cook ◽  
Stephen Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
National Identities ◽  
Media Culture ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Online Archive ◽  
Desert Island ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Radio Programme ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter provides an overview of the long-standing and highly popular British radio programme Desert Island Discs (DID). It sets out the historical contexts in which the programme was established and developed, and interrogates both its changing format and the meanings and values that have been associated with DID over time. Developments in the production process are also assessed, including the impact of various presenters and the selection of castaways, as well as the programme’s place in broader media culture and its relationship to particular national identities. Finally, it considers the potential value of DID to the world of scholarship, particularly following the establishment in 2011 of the programme’s online archive, and the contribution of chapter authors to the realisation of that potential.

An Unobtrusive Important Issue in the World, Female Suicide

2014 ◽  
pp. 115-146
Author(s):  
Semra Günay Aktaş
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Female Suicide ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Region ◽  
Commit Suicide ◽  
Health Experts

Suicide is a complex structure and also affects the families of the person who commit suicide, health care professionals and society. Suicide shows large differences depending on the time, region, age level, gender and race. Suicides are chaotic events because a little confusion on one of each these factors may cause a significant change that leads to severe consequences. Chaos theorists believe that the first step to deal with chaos is to understand it. Therefore, all aspects of suicide need to be understood in detail in order to prevent it. Strategies to prevent suicide can be developed through searching and understanding the suicide geography. In this chapter, the spatial pattern of female suicide is examined with suicide maps. With suicide maps, the aim is to clarify the spatial alteration of the deaths caused by female suicide, to help in focusing on female suicide, to increase the awareness of the specific regions and groups that have a high risk and so to guide the ones who are dealing with decreasing the death ratios, public health experts and decision makers.

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