Development of bio-active pigment printed fabric loaded with nano-sized silver/zinc particles

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
Mustafa Tutak ◽  
Özlem Bilget
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Screen Printing Technique ◽  
Fabric Surface ◽  
Nano Size

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the antibacterial properties of pigment printed fabric loaded with nano-sized silver and zinc. Design/methodology/approach – The pigment printing paste was mixed with nano-sized silver/zinc particles and applied to the cotton fabrics by the hand screen-printing technique. The nano-sized particles, distribution on the fabric surface, were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ASTM E2149-01 test method was used to determine the bacteriodynamic activity of the treated fabrics. The wash and light fastness properties of the treated fabrics were investigated. Findings – The experimental results of the study showed that antibacterial properties could be obtained by loading with nano-size silver/zinc particles on pigment printed cotton fabrics. There is no negative or positive effect of the addition of nano silver/zinc particles to the printing paste on fastness properties. Research limitations/implications – The nano-sized metal particles and pigment printing paste should be well mixed to achieve uniform distribution on the printed surface. Practical implications – The described process marks the introduction of a nano-technological aspect to pigment printing by its application to cotton fabrics. Originality/value – The novelty/originality of the study lies in the new application process of nano-size silver/zinc particles to the textile pigment printing for antibacterial properties.

Fruit shells of Camellia oleifera Abel as natural colourants for pigment printing of cotton fabric

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monthon Nakpathom ◽  
Buppha Somboon ◽  
Nootsara Narumol ◽  
Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Camellia Oleifera ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Colour Fastness ◽  
Colour Strength ◽  
Screen Printing Technique ◽  
First Time

Purpose The present study aims to focus on the feasibility of using an aqueous extract from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel as a source of natural colourant in printing-paste preparation for pigment printing of cotton fabric. The effects of pre- and post-mordanting with three common metallic mordants, that is AlK(SO4)2, CuSO4 and FeSO4 on colour yield and colour fastness properties are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach The printing paste was prepared by mixing the concentrated Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell extract solution with commercially available synthetic thickener and binder. The fabric sample was printed with the prepared printing paste using a flat-screen printing technique. To determine the effects of pre- and post-mordanting, AlK(SO4)2, CuSO4 and FeSO4 mordant aqueous solutions with various concentrations were applied using the pad-dry technique. Comparisons between printing with and without mordants were evaluated in terms of colour strength (K/S values) and colour fastness to washing, light, crocking and perspiration. Findings Without the mordants, the printed fabric had a yellowish brown shade with acceptable colour fastness properties, that is fair to good wash fastness, moderate light fastness, good to very good crocking fastness and fair to good perspiration fastness. The use of mordants, especially CuSO4 and FeSO4, not only enhanced colour strength but also imparted different colours to the fabric. Compared to the unmordanted fabrics, colour fastness properties were mostly comparable or improved in the mordanted fabrics depending on the type and concentration of mordants. Research limitations/implications Although in the case of CuSO4 the light fastness was increased to a good to very good level, it is recommended that the final print be produced with a concentration of less than 0.125 gL−1 to yield the print with the residual amount of Cu metal under the limit, that is less than 50 ppm as regulated by the Oeko-Tex® standard. Practical implications The obtained prints from Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell extract provided shades with satisfactory colour fastness to washing, light, crocking and perspiration. The extract from Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shell has the potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic dye in the textile industry. Originality/value The use of Camellia oleifera Abel fruit shells, which are considered as abundant byproducts of tea seed oil production, as natural colouring agents for pigment printing of cotton fabric has been reported for the first time. It will minimise the environmental impact of this waste and create more valuable textile products.

Sustainable dyeing of selected natural and synthetic fabrics using waste teak leaves (Tectona Grandis L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-374
Author(s):  
Akshita Agrawal ◽  
Sheetal Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Purpose This paper aims to extract the dye colourant from teak leaves using different aqueous mediums (Alkaline, Neutral and Acidic); to characterize the dye in terms of yield %; ash content and moisture content; to standardize the conditions of application of dye extracted from teak leaves on selected natural and synthetic fabrics using selected natural and chemical mordants; to assess the colour value (K/S, L*, c*/ h*, a*, b*) and fastness properties of the dyed samples in terms of wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness; and to develop dyed and printed designs using combinations of mordant and extracted dye. Design/methodology/approach Stage 1 – Extraction of dye from teak leaves; and characterization of dye: yield% ash content and moisture content. Stage 2 – Preparation of fabrics for dyeing; optimization of mordanting parameters using pre mordanting method followed by post mordanting; and optimization of dyeing parameters. Stage 3 – Testing of dyed fabric – Colour Measurement; K/S L*a*b*/L*c*h*; fastness properties; wash fastness done in the Laundrometer using ISO 2 standard test method; crock fastness done by Crockmeter using AATCC 116–1995 test method; perspiration fastness tested by perspirometer using AATCC 15– 2007 test method; and light fastness assessment in Mercury Bulb Tungsten Filament (MBTF) light fastness tester using AATCC Test Method 16–2004. Findings The findings of the study show that waste teak leaves can be used as an effective dye for natural as well as synthetic fabrics giving a wide range of colours on wool, silk and nylon. The maximum relative colour strength of the extracted dye on unmordanted dyed samples was found to be at pH 5 on wool and silk and at pH 7 on nylon. A range of shades was obtained with the use of different mordants. The extracted dye showed moderate to good fastness properties in terms of light, wash, rub and perspiration on wool and silk and excellent on nylon. Fastness properties were found to improve with the application of mordants both as pre and post method. Various combinations of mordants and dye result in obtaining pleasing and harmonious colours which were used aesthetically for printing. Research limitations/implications Due to time constrains, extraction in an organic medium could not be done, which could be a further scope for study. Practical implications Dyeing using teak leaves is a step towards sustainability and effective waste utilization with promising potential for application on natural as well as synthetic fabrics. Good colour with added properties will provide excellent solutions for eco-friendly methods of dyeing. Social implications This paper demonstrates the new possibilities offered by innovative uses of by-products of the timber industry and open good prospects for alternatives to synthetic colourants and new markets for the textile industry. It offers a new tool for the development of slow fashion. Originality/value It is a common practice to prune the tree branches to improve wood quality; thus, leaves are easily available as by product from pruning and also from wood harvesting. In the present study, waste teak leaves (Tectona grandis L.) were used for the extraction of dye.

Antibacterial evaluation of cotton fabrics by using novel sulfonamide reactive dyes

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatem E. Gaffer ◽  
Mohamed R. Elgohary ◽  
Hassan Ali Etman ◽  
Saad Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Reactive Dyes ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cellulose Fabrics

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to synthesize novel antibacterial reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Four synthetic novel antibacterial reactive dyes based on sulfonamide (D1-D4) have been synthesized by the coupling reaction of sulfonamide diazonium salt with sulfonamido-cyanurated 7-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid “j-acid”. The chemical structure of the synthesized dyes was secured by their spectral data [infra red (IR) and proton Nuclear magnetic Resonance (1HNMR)]. Findings The prepared reactive dyes (D1-D4) were applied to cotton fabrics. Optimum conditions of the dying samples at sodium sulfate 100 g/l, liquor ratio (L.R.) 1:10, sodium carbonate 20 g/l at 80°C (D1, D2 and D4), 60°C (D3 for 60 min) were investigated. The fastness properties toward washing, perspiration, rubbing and light were evaluated. Dyed fabrics showed good light fastness property and good to very good washing and perspiration fastness properties according to the gray scale. Antimicrobial activities for synthesized dyes showed excellent activity against gram-negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis faecalis, whereas very good activity against gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis with respect to the standard drugs ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Originality/value The principle advantages in this study were that the synthesis of novel synthesized dyes by introducing bisulfonamide-based moieties to increase the antimicrobial activity of the cellulose fabrics could be used as a medical textile, short reaction time and reaction procedure conducted in few steps, the work up is convenient and thus the starting material can be easily prepared.

Plasma activation and chitosan attachment on cotton and wool for improvement of dyeability and fastness properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-489
Author(s):  
Aminoddin Haji
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Plasma ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Oxygen Plasma Treatment ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The dyeing of cellulosic and proteinous fibers with natural and synthetic colorants usually needs large amounts of metal salts to promote the dyeing procedure. To get rid of the necessity to use metal salts, plasma treatment and subsequent attachment of chitosan biopolymer were considered as green processes for surface functionalization of wool and cotton. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of oxygen plasma treatment and attachment of chitosan on the dyeability of wool and cotton fabrics using walnut and weld as model natural dyes, as well as C.I. reactive blue 50 and C.I. acid blue 92 as model synthetic dyes. Design/methodology/approach Wool and cotton fabrics were modified with oxygen plasma and coated with chitosan solution. The un-modified and modified samples were dyed with the above-mentioned dyes under constant conditions. The color strength, color coordinates and fastness properties of the dyed samples were determined and compared. Findings The results showed that oxygen plasma treatment could improve the dyeability and fastness properties of wool and cotton fibers when dyed with all of the above-mentioned dyes. Attachment of chitosan to the plasma-treated samples significantly improved the dyeability of wool and cotton fibers with walnut, acid and reactive dyes. The fastness properties of the dyed samples were enhanced by plasma treatment and chitosan coating. Originality/value This study uses plasma treatment as an environmentally friendly pre-treatment for attachment of chitosan on wool and cotton. This process improved the dyeing properties of both fibers. The use of metal salts in not needed for dyeing of wool and cotton according to the investigated process.

A simple approach for the synthesis of coumarin fluorescent dyes under microwave irradiation and their application in textile printing

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Elgemeie ◽  
K.A. Ahmed ◽  
E.A. Ahmed ◽  
M.H. Helal ◽  
D.M. Masoud
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Colour Strength ◽  
Silk Screen ◽  
New Generation

Purpose The purpose of this study is to successfully implement microwave irradiation for the rapid synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes. The prepared dyes are then applied for printing of polyester and polyamide by silk screen printing process. Design/methodology/approach A series of new N′-(methylene)-2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide derivatives 3a–r were synthesised in excellent yield and high atom economy by the Knoevenagel condensation of salicylaldehyde derivatives 1 and cyano-N′-methyleneaceto-hydrazide derivatives 2 in the presence of piperidine catalyst. The optical properties of the synthesised compounds were recorded; all of the compounds were found to be fluorescent in 1, 4-dioxane solution; they all emitted blue light (440-460 nm). This work shows that the optical properties strongly depend on the nature of the substituent, and indicate which type of substituent is favourable for a given application. It confirms that iminocoumarin derivatives could lead to a new generation of fluorescent probes, prone to easy modification of their chemical structure. These synthesised dyes are used to print polyester and polyamide fabrics using synthetic thickener in the printing paste for silk screen technique. Findings The structures of synthesised dyes were established and confirmed for the reaction products on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (MS, IR and 1H-NMR). The suitability of the prepared dyestuffs for traditional printing on polyester and polyamide fabrics has been investigated. The prints obtained using the synthesised dyes were found to possess high colour strength and excellent overall fastness properties but relatively low light fastness. Research limitations/implications The synthesised fluorescent dyes were prepared by a simple reaction process in microwave. The optical properties for obtained dyes show include the fact that it will have various important applications. In addition, they were used for printing synthetic fabrics and were found to have good results. Practical implications The new fluorescent dyes’ system has excellent printing properties. Also they are superior in terms of yield, purity, colour strength and fastness properties which may lend them valuable commercial production. Originality/value The result of this work aimed to define the scope and limitation of the procedures for the synthesis of novel iminocoumarin dyes via a simple and economic way.

Fabrication of cotton fabrics with durable antibacterial activities finishing by Ag nanoparticles

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunping Wu ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Zhijie Zhang ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Yanbao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fabric Surface

In this paper, we propose a facile and mild route to prepare size-tunable silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and their finishing application on fabrication of antibacterial cotton fabrics. The as-prepared Ag NPs, with an average particles size of 2.3 nm, show the minimal inhibitory concentration of 7.8 µg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration of 15.6 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, sodium citrate served as a stabilizing agent to prevent Ag NP agglomeration in the synthesis process, and citric acid acted as a binder to fix Ag NPs on the cotton fabrics through chemical bonds in the finishing process. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrate that Ag NPs have been fixed and well dispersed on the cotton fabric surface. Ag contents in the hybrid fabrics were measured by the techniques of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and UV-vis, and the antibacterial properties of hybrid fabrics were tested by the shake flask and agar diffusion plate method. It is found that the Ag NP coated cotton fabrics exhibit excellent antimicrobial activities against both the Gram-negative bacterium of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the Gram-positive bacterium of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus). The percentages of reduction bacteria remain at 91.8% and 98.7% for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, even after 50 cycles of consecutive laundering, which indicates that the antibiotic performance of the as-fabricated hybrid fabrics is also durable.

Light fading, rub and wash fastness of sulphur-dyed cotton fabrics aftertreated with cation–tannin protective system

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-439
Author(s):  
Quratulain Mohtashim ◽  
Muriel Rigout ◽  
Sheraz Hussain Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Sodium Sulphide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wash Fastness ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Protective System ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Sulphur dyes are the most highly consumed colourants for cellulosic substrates owing to their reasonable cost and acceptable fastness. However, the use of noxious conventional reducing agent, sodium sulphide and impaired wash fastness against oxidative bleaching is gradually decreasing the market of these dyes. As the need for “Green” goods and services is raising public awareness, this paper aims to use a glucose-based biodegradable reducing agent in place of sodium sulphide to dye cotton fabrics with a range of commercial sulphur dyes. The study also proposes an aftertreatment method to improve the fastness properties of the dyeing. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigated the impact of a newly developed aftertreatment method on the fastness properties of dyeing. This involved the sequential application of a cationic fixing agent (Tinofix ECO) and tannin (Bayprotect CL) on the coloured fabrics and subsequent evaluation of colour strength, washing, light and rubbing fastness. Findings The effect of aftertreating the dyed cotton was found to significantly improve the light and wet rub fastness. The surface morphology of the dyeing remained unaffected as depicted by the absence of any finish residues. Research limitations/implications The protective effect of the cation–tannin aftertreatments was examined with a view to providing the necessary commercial performance; however, it was established that the dry rub fastness was either reduced or remained unaffected and the wash fastness to International Organization for Standardization 105 C09 was also marginal. Originality/value This finishing technique is novel and can be found useful for manufacturing sulphur-dyed products with the improved light and wet rub fastness.

scholarly journals Dyed fabrics modified via assembly with phytic acid/berberine for antibacterial, UV resistance, and self-cleaning applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501988897
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Liu ◽  
Xinghuan Lin ◽  
Hui’e Liang
Keyword(s):  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Uv Resistance ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Berberine Hydrochloride ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Dyed Fabrics ◽  
Fabric Surface

There is a growing demand for dyed cotton fabrics for antibacterial and UV-resistant materials application. Here, we use titanium dioxide (TiO2) to improve the UV resistance and impart self-cleaning property to cotton fabrics. Besides, to produce antibacterial dyed fabrics, berberine hydrochloride is used as a dye and antibacterial agent. Phytic acid and berberine hydrochloride are coated onto the fabrics via self-assembly to improve the light fastness. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy tests show that TiO2 nanoparticles are grafted onto fabrics, and phytic acid (–) and berberine hydrochloride (+) are successfully assembled onto the fabric surface. The treated fabrics exhibit excellent UV light fastness and good self-cleaning property. Most importantly, the obtained cotton fabrics illustrate remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 with 97.63% and 84.52% bacterial reduction within 60 min of contact time, respectively. Therefore, our designed dyed antibacterial fabrics may have great potential for use in textiles.

scholarly journals Cellulase Pretreatment on Mercerized Cotton to Enhance X-Linking, Self-cleaning, and Antibacterial Properties Using Nano TiO2/CA/BTCA: Statistical Approaches

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 155892501300800
Author(s):  
Ali Nazari ◽  
Majid Montazer ◽  
Navid Nasirizadeh ◽  
Behnam Namiranian
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Fabric Surface

In this study, cellulase pre-treated mercerized cotton (EMC) fabrics were treated with citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) and nano TiO2 (NTO) to produce fabric with enhanced cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties. However treatment of EMC fabrics with NTO/CA/BTCA has not been reported. The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using CA/BTCA cross-linking agents. In order to create optimum dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), self-cleaning based on (ΔE*) and bacteria reduction against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design of Expert software. The roles of CA, BTCA and NTO concentrations in cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties of the EMC fabric were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, the cellulase pre-treatment of the mercerized cotton fabrics improved the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and also enhanced DCRA and self-cleaning properties significantly as compared with control samples. Also, reflectance spectra analyses (200–400 nm) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the EMC fabric surface.

Application of zinc oxide nano particles using polymeric binders on cotton fabric

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Mulchandani ◽  
Vishaka Karnad
Keyword(s):  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Property ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Polymeric Binders

Purpose The durability of antimicrobial agents and its effectiveness is the most important factor for consumer usage. One important class of antimicrobial agents are inorganic metals and their metal oxides which can be prepared into nanoparticles and can be imparted to enhance the antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of three different polymeric binders during the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the antimicrobial and performance properties of the finished fabric. Design/methodology/approach In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a wet chemical method. The nano-particles size distributions was determined using Nanoplus Dynamic Light Scattering particle size distribution analyzer and concentration of nano ZnO 0.1% (w/v) was applied with 2% (w/v) polymeric binders, namely, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane (PU) and butyl acrylic (BA) on cotton fabric by pad dry cure method. The treated samples were tested for physical properties such as tearing strength, tensile strength, crease recovery and air permeability and antimicrobial properties using test method American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) 100. Further, the content of zinc in the treated samples was determined by the atomic absorption method. The treated fabric was analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic and also tested for cytotoxicity as per International Organization for Standardization 10993. Findings The results indicated that the type of polymeric binders did not show any influence on the uptake of the zinc content. All treated samples showed positive results >99% with regard to antibacterial property. However, the polymeric treated samples showed a difference in physical properties. The ZnO nano-finish reduced the tensile strength and tearing strength of the fabrics. The difference in crease recovery for samples ZnO/PVA and ZnO/PU was not much except for ZnO/BA where it increased by 38%. The air permeability decreased after application for all treated samples, the lowest among treated samples was in ZnO/PU fabric. Further, ZnO/PVA finished fabric was found to retain antibacterial property up to 50 washes and was effective against MS2 Bacteriophage as a surrogate virus when analyzed as per AATCC 100–2012 test method, and therefore can be potentially used as health-care apparel such as doctors coat and scrub suits. Originality/value The outcome of this research is in its contribution to the field of reusable textiles. It highlights the use of nanotechnology to design and develop cotton fabrics for antimicrobial properties which has the potential of preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. The study brings forth the use of ZnO nanoparticles mixed with PVA binder on 100% cotton fabrics which exhibits antibacterial and antiviral properties with adequate wash durability. Currently, there is a high demand of effective durable textiles with barrier properties and the present study provides a promising solution to provide reusable textiles with a greater level of protection.

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