scholarly journals 3D printing of composites: design parameters and flexural performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-706
Author(s):  
Feras Korkees ◽  
James Allenby ◽  
Peter Dorrington
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Flexural Performance ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Strength And Stiffness

Purpose 3D printing of composites has a high degree of design freedom, which allows for the manufacture of complex shapes that cannot be achieved with conventional manufacturing processes. This paper aims to assess the design variables that might affect the mechanical properties of 3D-printed fibre-reinforced composites. Design/methodology/approach Markforged Mark-Two printers were used to manufacture samples using nylon 6 and carbon fibres. The effect of fibre volume fraction, fibre layer location and fibre orientation has been studied using three-point flexural testing. Findings The flexural strength and stiffness of the 3D-printed composites increased with increasing the fibre volume fraction. The flexural properties were altered by the position of the fibre layers. The highest strength and stiffness were observed with the reinforcement evenly distributed about the neutral axis of the sample. Moreover, unidirectional fibres provided the best flexural performance compared to the other orientations. 3D printed composites also showed various failure modes under bending loads. Originality/value Despite multiple studies available on 3D-printed composites, there does not seem to be a clear understanding and consensus on how the location of the fibre layers can affect the mechanical properties and printing versatility. Therefore, this study covered this design parameter and evaluated different locations in terms of mechanical properties and printing characteristics. This is to draw final conclusions on how 3D printing may be used to manufacture cost-effective, high-quality parts with excellent mechanical performance.

Effect of fibre content on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre woven fabrics/polypropylene composite laminates

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110239
Author(s):  
Sheedev Antony ◽  
Abel Cherouat ◽  
Guillaume Montay
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Viscoelastic Behaviour ◽  
Hemp Fibre

Nowadays natural fibre composites have gained great significance as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites. Composite material based on a polymer matrix reinforced with natural fibres is extensively used in industry due to their biodegradability, recyclability, low density and high specific properties. A study has been carried out here to investigate the fibre volume fraction effect of hemp fibre woven fabrics/PolyPropylene (PP) composite laminates on the tensile properties and impact hammer impact test. Initially, composite sheets were fabricated by the thermal-compression process with desired number of fabric layers to obtain composite laminates with different fibre volume fraction. Uniaxial, shear and biaxial tensile tests were performed and mechanical properties were calculated. Impact hammer test was also carried out to estimate the frequency and damping parameters of stratified composite plates. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to observe the matrix and fibre constituent defects. Hemp fabrics/PP composite laminates exhibits viscoelastic behaviour and as the fibre volume fraction increases, the viscoelastic behaviour decreases to elastic behaviour. Due to this, the tensile strength increases as the fibre content increases. On the other hand, the natural frequency increases and damping ratio decrease as the fibre volume fraction increases.

New Development of Cattail Fibre in Composite Uses

2013 ◽  
Vol 746 ◽  
pp. 385-389
Author(s):  
Li Yan Liu ◽  
Yu Ping Chen ◽  
Jing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
New Development ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
Reinforcing Material ◽  
Pp Composites

This paper is aiming to develop the cattail fibre as reinforcing material due to its environmental benefits and excellent physical and insulated characteristics. The current work is concerned with the development of the technical fibres from the original plant and research on their reinforcing properties in the innovative composites. Polypropylene (PP) fibre was used as matrix in this research which was fabricated into fibre mats with cattail fibre together with different fibre volume fractions. Cattail fibre reinforced PP laminates were manufactured and compared with jute/PP composites. The tensile and bending properties of laminates were tested. The SEM micrographs of fracture surface of the laminates were analyzed as well. The results reveal that the tensile and bending properties of cattail/PP laminates are closed to those of jute/PP composites. The mechanical properties of cattail/jute/PP laminates with fibre volume fraction of 20/35/45 is betther than those of laminate reinforced with cattail fibers.

scholarly journals Effect of Polypropylene Fibre Addition on Properties of Geopolymers Made by 3D Printing for Digital Construction

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Nematollahi ◽  
Praful Vijay ◽  
Jay Sanjayan ◽  
Ali Nazari ◽  
Ming Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Flexural Performance ◽  
Fresh State ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Shape Retention ◽  
Interlayer Bond

This paper investigates the effect of polypropylene (PP) fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of 3D-printed fibre-reinforced geopolymer mortars. Different percentages of PP fibres ranging between 0.25% and 1.00% by volume were added to an optimised geopolymer mixture. All samples showed reasonable workability and extrudability. In addition, shape-retention ability in the fresh state was investigated as a major requirement for 3D-printing. The compressive strength of the printed specimens was tested in the hardened state in three loading directions, viz. longitudinal, perpendicular, and lateral. The flexural strength of samples was also tested in the longitudinal and lateral directions. In addition, the interlayer bond strength was investigated. Fibre addition seems to influence compressive strengths positively only when the loading is perpendicular to the interface plane. This is due to the preferential fibre alignment parallel to the direction of extrusion. The addition of fibre significantly enhanced the flexural performance of the printed samples. The use of fibre dosages of 0.75 and 1.00 vol % caused deflection-hardening behaviour of the 3D-printed geopolymers and, hence, a significantly higher fracture energy in comparison to specimens without fibre or with lower fibre content. However, an increase in the fibre volume caused some minor reduction in interlayer bond strength. With respect to properties in the fresh state, higher fibre volumes caused better shape-retention ability in the printed samples. The results indicate the possibility of printing fibre-reinforced geopolymers which meet all the necessary properties in both the fresh and hardened states.

scholarly journals The Mechanical Properties of Steel-Polypropylene Fibre Composites Concrete (HyFRCC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim ◽  
Wan Amizah Wan Jusoh ◽  
Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam ◽  
Nur Ain Mustapa ◽  
Sk Muiz Sk Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Polypropylene Fibre ◽  
Experimental Results

This paper discusses the experimental results on the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced composite concrete (HyFRCC) containing different proportions of steel fibre (SF) and polypropylene fibre (PPF). The mechanical properties include compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. SF is known to enhance the flexural and tensile strengths, and at the same time is able to resist the formation of macro cracking. Meanwhile, PPF contributes to the tensile strain capacity and compressive strength, and also delay the formation of micro cracks. Hooked-end deformed type SF fibre with 60 mm length and fibrillated virgin type PPF fibre with 19 mm length are used in this study. Meanwhile, the concrete strength is maintained for grade C30. The percentage proportion of SF-PPF fibres are varied in the range of 100-0%, 75-25%, 50-50%, 25-75% and 0-100% of which the total fibre volume fraction (Vf) is fixed at 0.5%. The experimental results reveal that the percentage proportion of SF-PPF fibres with 75-25% produced the maximum performance of flexural strength, tensile strength and flexural toughness. Meanwhile, the percentage proportion of SF-PPF fibres with 100-0% contributes to the improvement of the compressive strength compared to that of plain concrete.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA tensile specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzio Grasso ◽  
Lyes Azzouz ◽  
Paula Ruiz-Hincapie ◽  
Mauro Zarrelli ◽  
Guogang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Gauge Length ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose Recent advancements of 3D printing technology have brought forward the interest for this technique in many engineering fields. This study aims to focus on mechanical properties of the polylactic acid (PLA) feeding material under different thermal conditions for a typical fusion deposition of 3D printer system. Design/methodology/approach Specimens were tested under static loading within the range 20ºC to 60ºC considering different infill orientations. The combined effect of temperature and filament orientation is investigated in terms of constitutive material parameters and final failure mechanisms. The difference between feeding system before and post-3D printing was also assessed by mechanical test on feeding filament to verify the thermal profile during the deposition phase. Findings The results in terms of Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), strain at failure (εf) and stress at failure (σf) are presented and discussed to study the influence of process settings over the final deposited material. Fracture surfaces have been investigated using an optical microscope to link the phenomenological interpretation of the failure with the micro-mechanical behaviour. Experimental results show a strong correlation between stiffness and strength with the infill orientation and the temperature values. Moreover, a relevant effect is related to deformed geometry of the filament approaching glass transition region of the polymer according to the deposition orientation. Research limitations/implications The developed method can be applied to optimise the stiffness and strength of any 3D-printed composite according to the infill orientation. Practical implications To avoid the failure of specimens outside the gauge length, a previously proposed modification to the geometry was adopted. The geometry has a parabolic profile with a curvature of 1,000 mm tangent to the middle part of the specimen. Originality/value Several authors have reported the stiffness and strength of 3D-printed parts under static and ambient temperature for different build parameters. However, there is a lack of literature on the combination of the latter with the temperature effects on the mechanical properties which this paper covers.

A physical investigation of dimensional and mechanical characteristics of 3D printed nut and bolt for industrial applications

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chand ◽  
Vishal S. Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Trehan ◽  
Munish Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Machine Failure ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose A nut bolt joint is a primary device that connects mechanical components. The vibrations cause bolted joints to self-loosen. Created by motors and engines, leading to machine failure, and there may be severe safety issues. All the safety issues and self-loosen are directly and indirectly the functions of the accuracy and precision of the fabricated nut and bolt. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies now allow for the production of intricate components. These may be used technologies such as 3D printed bolts to create fasteners. This paper aims to investigate dimensional precision, surface properties, mechanical properties and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the component fabricated using a multi-jet 3D printer. Design/methodology/approach Multi-jet-based 3D printed nut-bolt is evaluated in this paper. More specifically, liquid polymer-based nut-bolt is fabricated in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the base plate. Five nuts and bolts are fabricated in these three sections. Findings Dimensional inquiry (bolt dimension, general dimensions’ density and surface roughness) and mechanical testing (shear strength of nut and bolt) were carried out throughout the study. According to the ISO 2768 requirements for the General Tolerances Grade, the nut and bolt’s dimensional examination (variation in bolt dimension, general dimensions) is within the tolerance grades. As a result, the multi-jet 3D printing (MJP)-based 3D printer described above may be used for commercial production. In terms of mechanical qualities, when the component placement moves from Sections 1 to 3, the density of the manufactured part decreases by 0.292% (percent) and the shear strength of the nut and bolt decreases by 30%. According to the SEM examination, the density of the River markings, sharp edges, holes and sharp edges increased from Sections 1 to 3, which supports the findings mentioned above. Originality/value Hence, this work enlightens the aspects causing time lag during the 3D printing in MJP. It causes variation in the dimensional deviation, surface properties and mechanical properties of the fabricated part, which needs to be explored.

Effects of post-curing conditions on mechanical properties of 3D printed clear dental aligners

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Jindal ◽  
Mamta Juneja ◽  
Divya Bajaj ◽  
Francesco Luke Siena ◽  
Philip Breedon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose 3D printing techniques have been widely used for manufacturing complex parts for various dental applications. For achieving suitable mechanical strength, post-cure processing is necessary, where the relative time duration and temperature specification also needs to be defined. The purpose of this study/paper is to assess the effects of post curing conditions and mechanical properties of 3D printed clear dental aligners Design/methodology/approach Dental long-term clear resin material has been used for 3D printing of dental aligners using a Formlabs 3D printer for direct usage on patients. Post-curing conditions have been varied, all of which have been subjected to mechanical compression loading of 1,000 N to evaluate the curing effects on the mechanical strength of the aligners. Findings The experimental studies provide significant insight into both temperatures and time durations that could provide sufficient compressive mechanical strength to the 3D printed clear dental aligners. It was observed that uncured aligners deformed plastically with large deformations under the loading conditions, whereas aligners cured between 400°C–800°C for 15–20 min deformed elastically before fragmenting into pieces after safely sustaining higher compressive loads between 495 N and 666 N. The compressive modulus ratio for cured aligners ranged between 4.46 and 5.90 as compared to uncured aligners. For shorter cure time durations and lower temperature conditions, an appropriate elevated compressive strength was also achieved. Originality/value Based on initial assessments by dental surgeons, suitable customised clear aligners can be designed, printed and cured to the desired levels based on patient’s requirements. This could result in time, energy and unit production cost savings, which ultimately would help to alleviate the financial burden placed on both the health service and their patients.

3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites and their mechanical properties: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1129
Author(s):  
Lai Jiang ◽  
Xiaobo Peng ◽  
Daniel Walczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Printing Processes ◽  
Pure Resin

Purpose This paper aims to summarize the up-to-date research performed on combinations of various biofibers and resin systems used in different three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, including powder-based, material extrusion, solid-sheet and liquid-based systems. Detailed information about each process, including materials used and process design, are described, with the resultant products’ mechanical properties compared with those of 3D-printed parts produced from pure resin or different material combinations. In most processes introduced in this paper, biofibers are beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts and the biodegradability of the parts made using these green materials is also greatly improved. However, research on 3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites is still far from complete, and there are still many further studies and research areas that could be explored in the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper starts with an overview of the current scenario of the composite manufacturing industry and then the problems of advanced composite materials are pointed out, followed by an introduction of biocomposites. The main body of the paper covers literature reviews of recently emerged 3D printing technologies that were applied to biofiber-reinforced composite materials. This part is classified into subsections based on the form of the starting materials used in the 3D printing process. A comprehensive conclusion is drawn at the end of the paper summarizing the findings by the authors. Findings Most of the biofiber-reinforced 3D-printed products exhibited improved mechanical properties than products printed using pure resin, indicating that biofibers are good replacements for synthetic ones. However, synthetic fibers are far from being completely replaced by biofibers due to several of their disadvantages including higher moisture absorbance, lower thermal stability and mechanical properties. Many studies are being performed to solve these problems, yet there are still some 3D printing technologies in which research concerning biofiber-reinforced composite parts is quite limited. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further develop 3D printing in a sustainable manner. Originality/value This paper is a summary of attempts to use biofibers as reinforcements together with different resin systems as the starting material for 3D printing processes, and most of the currently available 3D printing techniques are included herein. All of these attempts are solutions to some principal problems with current 3D printing processes such as the limit in the variety of materials and the poor mechanical performance of 3D printed parts. Various types of biofibers are involved in these studies. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further widen the use of biofibers in 3D printing in a sustainable manner.

Development and characterization of thermoset nanocomposites reinforced with cotton fibres recovered from textile waste

2020 ◽  
pp. 152808372091353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zunjarrao Kamble ◽  
Bijoya Kumar Behera ◽  
Teruo Kimura ◽  
Ino Haruhiro
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphite Oxide ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Degradation Behaviour ◽  
Textile Waste ◽  
Cotton Fibres ◽  
Thermoset Epoxy

The present research reports thermoset nanocomposites reinforced with cotton fibres extracted from textile waste called as ‘shoddy’ and graphite oxide nanoparticles as filler. The oriented fibre web of shoddy was produced by using the carding machine and it was used as reinforcement. The thermoset epoxy composites with four different fibre volume fraction values namely 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 were developed. These composites were characterized by mechanical properties to optimize the fibre volume fraction. Further, thermoset epoxy nanocomposites were developed by incorporating graphite oxide nanoparticles as filler in four different weight percentages, namely 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1%. All the composites were characterized for mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal degradation behaviour and water absorption behaviour. It has been found that the developed composites can be used in items of furniture materials and to develop some visible and non-visible automotive components.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Characterization of Unidirectional Silk Fibre Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansur Ahmed ◽  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Qumrul Ahsan ◽  
Md Mainul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Silk Fibre ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Strength And Stiffness

Natural fibres offer a number of benefits as reinforcement for synthetic polymers since they have high specific strength and stiffness, high impact strength, biodegradability etc. The aim of this study is to fabricate and determine the performance of unidirectional silk fibre reinforced polymer composites. In the present initial study, alkali treated silk fibres were incorporated as reinforcing agent, while a mixture of 20% maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and commercial grade polypropylene (PP) was used as matrix element. The unidirectional composites were fabricated by using hot compression machine under specific pressure, temperature and varying fibre loading. Tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests were carried out by varying silk fibre volume fraction. Composites containing 45% fibre volume fraction had higher tensile and flexural strength, Young’s modulus and flexural modulus compared to other fabricated composites including those with untreated silk fibres. SEM micrographs were taken to examine composite fracture surface and interfacial adhesion between silk fibre and the matrix. These micrographs suggested less fibre pull out and better interfacial bonding for 40% fibre reinforced composites.

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