Modeling Household Poverty Status Using Repeated Cross-sectional Surveys

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Pittau ◽  
Roberto Zelli ◽  
Saida Ismailakhunova
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status

scholarly journals Pathways and associated costs of care in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e025079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Mhalu ◽  
Jerry Hella ◽  
Francis Mhimbira ◽  
Khadija Said ◽  
Thomas Mosabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Costs Of Care ◽  
Poverty Status

ObjectiveTo assess pathways and associated costs of seeking care from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis (TB).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingDistrict hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.ParticipantsBacteriologically confirmed TB and presumptive TB patients.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe calculated distance in metres and visualised pathways to healthcare up to five visits for the current episode of sickness. Costs were described by medians and IQRs, with comparisons by gender and poverty status.ResultsOf 100 confirmed and 100 presumptive TB patients, 44% of confirmed patients sought care first at pharmacies after the onset of symptoms, and 42% of presumptive patients did so at hospitals. The median visits made by confirmed patients was 2 (range 1–5) and 2 (range 1–3) by presumptive patients. Patients spent a median of 31% of their monthly household income on health expenditures for all visits. The median total direct costs were higher in confirmed compared with presumptive patients (USD 27.4 [IQR 18.7–48.4] vs USD 19.8 [IQR 13.8–34.0], p=0.02), as were the indirect costs (USD 66.9 [IQR 35.5–150.0] vs USD 46.8 [IQR 20.1–115.3], p<0.001). The indirect costs were higher in men compared with women (USD 64.6 [IQR 31.8–159.1] vs USD 55.6 [IQR 25.1–141.1], p<0.001). The median total distance from patients’ household to healthcare facilities for patients with confirmed and presumptive TB was 2338 m (IQR 1373–4122) and 2009 m (IQR 986–2976) respectively.ConclusionsPatients with confirmed TB have complex pathways and higher costs of care compared with patients with presumptive TB, but the costs of the latter are also substantial. Improving access to healthcare and ensuring integration of different healthcare providers including private, public health practitioners and patients themselves could help in reducing the complex pathways during healthcare seeking and optimal healthcare utilisation.

scholarly journals GOVERNMENT CREDIT GUARANTEE (GCG) FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PEOPLE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE ECONOMIC PYRAMID

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
SUBKHAN NA
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Credit Guarantee ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Government Credit ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study is to measure the impact of Government Credit Guarantee (GCG) scheme on household poverty alleviation. This study employed a cross-sectional design with purposive random sampling method to examine whether participation in GCG programs improves the hardcore poor households quality of life. To analyze the impact of GCG scheme on household poverty reduction, this study uses logistic regression model. The findings confirmed that households participating in GCG programs tend to have higher probability in reducing their poverty condition compared with those who have no access to GCG programs. The reduction in household poverty can be described by the improvement in their monthly income, improvement in monthly food expenditures, and improvement in monthly non-food expenditure. Therefore, Indonesian Government should review, re-organize and improve the GCG programs and policies in order to increase the outreach and improve client's ability to receive higher amount of loan through GCG scheme.A. Introduction

scholarly journals Prescription Antibiotic Use among the US population 1999-2018: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Petersen ◽  
Sara E Cosgrove ◽  
Thomas C Quinn ◽  
Eshan Patel ◽  
M Kate Grabowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Poverty Status

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance has been identified as a public health threat both in the United States and globally. The United States published the “National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistance” in 2014, which included goals to reduce inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) years 1999-2018. Weighted prevalence of past 30-day non-topical outpatient antibiotic use was calculated, as well as the change in prevalence from 1999-02 to 2015-18 and 2007-10 to 2015-18, both overall and for subgroups. Associations with past 30-day non-topical outpatient antibiotic use in 2015-18 were examined using predictive margins calculated by multivariable logistic regression. Results The overall prevalence of past 30-day non-topical outpatient antibiotic use adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty status, time of year of the interview, and insurance status from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018 changed significantly from 4.9% (95% CI 3.9%, 5.0%) to 3.0% (95% CI 2.6%, 3.0%), with the largest decrease among children 0-1 years. From 2007-2010 to 2015-2018, there was no significant change (adjusted Prevalence Ratio [adjPR] 1.0 [95% CI 0.8, 1,2. Age was significantly associated with antibiotic use, with children age 0-1 years having significantly higher antibiotic use than all other age categories &gt;6 years. Being non-Hispanic Black was negatively associated with antibiotic use as compared to being non-Hispanic White (adjPR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4, 0.8]). Conclusions While there were declines in antibiotic use from 1999-02 to 2015-18, there were no observed declines during the last decade.

Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated With Twin Pregnancies in Ecuador

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ximena Orozco-Quinga ◽  
Fabricio González-Andrade
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Hyaline Membrane Disease ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract There are few studies on twins in Ecuador and Latin America. It requires a better understanding of perinatal conditions, especially from an ethnic perspective. This work aims to assess perinatal factors related to twin pregnancy in Ecuadorian Mestizo individuals. We performed an epidemiological, observational and cross-sectional study at the Hospital San Francisco and Hospital Nueva Aurora in Quito, Ecuador, from November 2019 to January 2020. It included 203 newborns from twin pregnancies, including mothers with and without pathological history. The average gestational age was 31 weeks, and the APGAR score at first minute was 6.86, with significant differences. Regarding the metabolic balance, the mean pH was 6.14; and bicarbonate was 11.57, with significant differences. Twins had intrauterine growth restriction in 6.9% of cases, with significant differences (p = .003); 81.4% required supplemental oxygen, with significant differences (p = .002); 93% required noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), with significant differences (p = . 003); 93% required inotropic and sedation, with substantial differences; 69% required antibiotics (≥21 days), with significant differences (p = .014); and 17.2% needed between 8 to 14 days of hospitalization, and 51% more than 28 days, with significant differences. The studied mothers’ demographic profile was mostly Mestizos, with an average age of 32 years, and 93% had a poverty status. Most of the twins were diamniotic monochorial and were discordant twins. It found jaundice, premature anemia and sepsis in 100% of twins and hyaline membrane disease in 89.66% of twins. Twins of women with relevant prenatal care had more premature births (30.4 ± 2.6 weeks), more acid−base imbalance, APGAR at ≥7 min in 90% of cases, and patent ductus arteriosus in all. There was also a greater need for double intensive phototherapy than twins of healthy women.

scholarly journals Determinants of Household Poverty Status in Kediri City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Yennie Dwi Rozanti ◽  
Mohamad Khusaini ◽  
Ferry Prasetyia
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Status ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Productive Assets ◽  
Logit Regression Model

Analyses of the causes and the characteristics of poverty at micro levels provide more efficient strategies for the attainment of main Sustainable Development Goals. This study aimed to analyze the extent to which the characteristics of individuals, households, and communities influence the probability of household poverty status. The 2019 Social Welfare Integrated Data and Village Potential Data of Kediri City were analyzed using an ordered logit regression model and then interpreted based on marginal effect calculation. The study found that household heads’ squared-age, household members’ education, household members’ occupation, household head gender (female), ownership of assets, access to the internet, access to proper sanitation, and access to financial institutions reduced the probability of households being categorized as very poor and poor. This finding indicated that household productivity influenced by the household head’s characteristics in managing productive assets, supported by access to infrastructure, could increase the household's welfare. However, the household head’s age and marital status, dependency ratio, and access to health facilities increased household’s probability of being very poor and poor. Policies regarding poverty must be adjusted to the poverty characteristics and status. Improving access, equalizing education, and improving job opportunity and infrastructure management that ensure accessibility and enhancement in service quality need to be made to increase the status of households with the lowest 40% welfare in Kediri City. Policies regarding poverty should be focused more on social programs for very poor and poor households. Meanwhile, those near-poor and vulnerable-to-poor need more empowering programs.

scholarly journals The impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies preferential credit on household welfare in Vietnam: a panel data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
An Duong
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of the preferential credit (represented by loan volume and duration) provided by the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on household welfare (represented by household income and consumption) in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. It also identifies and ranks the barriers of accessing the credit.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies fixed-effects method to handle the panel data to examine the impact of the credit on poverty reduction. It also uses face-to-face interviews and group discussions to identify and rank the barriers of accessing to the credit.FindingsThe results show that the loan volume significantly helps improve household income, but does not help improve household consumption. For example, a 1% increase in the loan volume is associated with an increase of almost 0.69% in household income, significant at the 1% level. In addition, the loan duration does not help improve household welfare. The major barriers of accessing the credit include the time spent to get to the nearest bank branch and the transparency of household poverty status assessment.Research limitations/implicationsData are collected in three years, the number of the sample limits at 300 households. A few variables are not included in the models due to resource limitation for data collection or the nature of the study method.Practical implicationsThe Vietnam Bank for Social Policies preferential credit may need to increase the loan volume to significantly help improve household welfare, hence reduce poverty. In addition, barriers of accessing the credit such as bank coverage and the household poverty status assessment should be eliminated so that more households, including poor ones, can have a better access.Social implicationsThe Vietnam Bank for Social Policies preferential credit can help to improve household welfare, hence ease household poverty status. To help the credit reach more people, accessing barriers such as bank coverage and the household poverty status assessment should be eliminated.Originality/valueThis is the first study that has examined the impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies preferential credit on household welfare and identified barriers of accessing the credit. The quantitative analysis uses a panel data set constructed from 300 face-to-face interviews with households located in one city and two districts in Ninh Binh province during 2016–2018 and applied the fixed-effects method to examine the impact of the credit on household welfare. The qualitative analysis uses in-depth interviews and group discussion with key persons and related parties to identify barriers of accessing the credit.

scholarly journals Household Social Expenditure in Ghana: Examining the Ex-post Effects and Vulnerability to Poverty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kwabena Nkrumah ◽  
Samuel Kobina Annim ◽  
Benedict Afful Jr
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Transient Poverty

We estimate the effect of household social expenditure on vulnerability to poverty using the four latest cross-sectional waves of Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) from 1999 to 2017. Using a 3-Stage Least Square and Quantile Regression, our results show a widening consumption ex-post welfare gap between the poorest households and the non-poor households in a per-cedi social expenditure. Also, we estimate the probability of an ex-ante poverty using vulnerability to expected poverty. The results, however, indicate that regardless of poverty status, household vulnerability to poverty increased consistently between 1999 and 2017, and the very poor households showing the severest vulnerability. Hence, it is concluded that social expenditure increases the chances of a poor household falling into chronic poverty a non-poor household into transient poverty in the future.

scholarly journals SAVINGS MOBILIZATION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG PERI-URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN KWALI AND BWARI AREA COUNCILS F.C.T ABUJA, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
Juliana Ojochide Olori ◽  
Ogechi Cordelia Nwahia ◽  
Franҫois Siėwė
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Poverty Status

Savings is increasingly being acknowledged as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation but the peri- -urban households who are mostly, low cadre workers, peasant farmers and small-scale business owners lacks savings services. This study analyzed savings mobilization on poverty alleviation among peri-urban households in Kwali and Bwari Area Councils Abuja. Cross-sectional primary data was used in this study. The data was collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire administered to 185 peri-urban farming households. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentage), Foster Greer Thorbecke index and ordered logit regression were used to analyze the collected data. The results that emanated from the analysis reveals that 98% of respondents are within the economic active age while 82% of them had formal education and average household size of 4 person. About 93% of households saved in one form or the other. About 51% of the respondent are non-poor while 49% are poor based on analysis of poverty status which revealed poverty incidence of 49%, poverty depth of 28% and poverty severity of 56%. The results further reveals that primary occupation and education reduces the likelihood of not being poor, but there is an increment in the likelihood of being very poor while farm size, savings, access to credit and income generated from secondary activities increases the probability of being non-poor, but reduces the probability of being very poor. Therefore, households should be encouraged by Governmental agencies to engage in secondary economic activities for multiple stream of income to improve on their poverty status. In addition, government should facilitate the establishment of Financial Institutions in the Peri- Urban areas to inculcate saving habit among the people.

scholarly journals The prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty in economically disadvantaged regions of South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kovin S. Naidoo ◽  
Jyoti Jaggernath ◽  
Prasidh Ramson ◽  
Farai Chinanayi ◽  
Tom Zhuwau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Education And Employment

Background: Vision impairment, resulting in vision difficulties, is a leading cause of disability, and hence one of the key barriers for people to access education and employment, which may force them into poverty.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported vision difficulties as an indicator of vision impairment in economically disadvantaged regions in South Africa, and to examine the relationship between self-reported vision difficulties and socio-economic markers of poverty, namely, income, education and health service needs.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in economically disadvantaged districts to collect data from households on poverty and health, including vision difficulty. As visual acuity measurements were not conducted, the researchers used the term vision difficulty as an indicator of vision impairment. Data were collected from 27 districts (74 901 respondents). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square tests were used to determine bivariate relationships between variables and self-reported vision difficulty. Kernel density estimators were used for age, categorised by self-reported and not reported vision difficulty.Results: Prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty was 11.2% (95% CI, 8.7% – 13.7%). More women (12.7%) compared to men (9.5%) self-reported vision difficulty (p 0.01). Self-reported vision difficulty was higher (14.2%) for respondents that do not spend any money. A statistically significant relationship was found between the highest level of education and self-reporting of vision difficulty; as completed highest level of education increased, self-reporting of vision difficulty became lower (p 0.01). A significantly higher prevalence of self-reported vision difficulty was found in respondents who are employed (p 0.01), 17% (95% CI: 12.8% – 21.1%).Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests associations between socio-economic factors and vision difficulties that have a two-fold relationship (some factors such as education, and access to eye health services are associated with vision difficulty whilst vision difficulty may trap people in their current poverty or deepen their poverty status). The results are thus indicative of the need for further research in South Africa.

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