The IoT Devices and Secured Communication Architecture and Use Cases

The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing the way consumers, businesses, and governments interact with the physical and cyber worlds. More often than not, IoT devices are designed for specific functional requirements or use cases without paying too much attention to security. Consequently, attackers usually compromise IoT devices with lax security to retrieve sensitive information such as encryption keys, user passwords, and sensitive URLs. Moreover, expanding IoT use cases and the exponential growth in connected smart devices significantly widen the attack surface. Despite efforts to deal with security problems, the security of IoT devices and the privacy of the data they collect and process are still areas of concern in research. Whenever vulnerabilities are discovered, device manufacturers are expected to release patches or new firmware to fix the vulnerabilities. There is a need to prioritize firmware attacks, because they enable the most high-impact threats that go beyond what is possible with traditional attacks. In IoT, delivering and deploying new firmware securely to affected devices remains a challenge. This study aims to develop a security model that employs Blockchain and the InterPlanentary File System (IPFS) to secure firmware transmission over a low data rate, constrained Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). The proposed security model ensures integrity, confidentiality, availability, and authentication and focuses on resource-constrained low-powered devices. To demonstrate the utility and applicability of the proposed model, a proof of concept was implemented and evaluated using low-powered devices. The experimental results show that the proposed model is feasible for constrained and low-powered LoRaWAN devices.

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Towards the Integration of Blockchain and IoT for Security Challenges in IoT

Transforming Businesses With Bitcoin Mining and Blockchain Applications - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0186-3.ch003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 45-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Dinesh Kumar ◽

Venkata Rathnam T. ◽

Venkata Ramana R. ◽

M. Sudhakara ◽

Ravi Kumar Poluru

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Security Management ◽

Vital Role ◽

Management Systems ◽

Iot Security ◽

Communication Architecture ◽

Secure Systems ◽

Security Issues ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Iot Devices

Internet of things (IoT) technology plays a vital role in the current technologies because IoT develops a network by integrating different kinds of objects and sensors to create the communication among objects directly without human interaction. With the presence of internet of things technology in our daily comes smart thinking and various advantages. At the same time, secure systems have been a most important concern for the protection of information systems and networks. However, adopting traditional security management systems in the internet of things leads several issues due to the limited privacy and policies like privacy standards, protocol stacks, and authentication rules. Usually, IoT devices has limited network capacities, storage, and computing processors. So they are having more chances to attacks. Data security, privacy, and reliability are three main challenges in the IoT security domain. To address the solutions for the above issues, IoT technology has to provide advanced privacy and policies in this large incoming data source. Blockchain is one of the trending technologies in the privacy management to provide the security. So this chapter is focused on the blockchain technologies which can be able to solve several IoT security issues. This review mainly focused on the state-of-the-art IoT security issues and vulnerabilities by existing review works in the IoT security domains. The taxonomy is presented about security issues in the view of communication, architecture, and applications. Also presented are the challenges of IoT security management systems. The main aim of this chapter is to describe the importance of blockchain technology in IoT security systems. Finally, it highlights the future directions of blockchain technology roles in IoT systems, which can be helpful for further improvements.

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IoT and UAV Integration in 5G Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19173704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (17) ◽

pp. 3704 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Mario Marchese ◽

Aya Moheddine ◽

Fabio Patrone

Keyword(s):

Mobile Communications ◽

Satellite Networks ◽

Use Cases ◽

Fifth Generation ◽

Smart Agriculture ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Terrestrial Network ◽

Scalable Network ◽

The Internet Of Things

The Fifth Generation of Mobile Communications (5G) will lead to the growth of use cases demanding higher capacity and a enhanced data rate, a lower latency, and a more flexible and scalable network able to offer better user Quality of Experience (QoE). The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of these use cases. It has been spreading in the recent past few years, and it covers a wider range of possible application scenarios, such as smart city, smart factory, and smart agriculture, among many others. However, the limitations of the terrestrial network hinder the deployment of IoT devices and services. Besides, the existence of a plethora of different solutions (short vs. long range, commercialized vs. standardized, etc.), each of them based on different communication protocols and, in some cases, on different access infrastructures, makes the integration among them and with the upcoming 5G infrastructure more difficult. This paper discusses the huge set of IoT solutions available or still under standardization that will need to be integrated in the 5G framework. UAVs and satellites will be proposed as possible solutions to ease this integration, overcoming the limitations of the terrestrial infrastructure, such as the limited covered areas and the densification of the number of IoT devices per square kilometer.

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Analysis of P4 and XDP for IoT Programmability in 6G and Beyond

IoT ◽

10.3390/iot1020031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 605-622

Author(s):

David Carrascal ◽

Elisa Rojas ◽

Joaquin Alvarez-Horcajo ◽

Diego Lopez-Pajares ◽

Isaías Martínez-Yelmo

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Software Defined Networking ◽

Use Cases ◽

Future Research ◽

The Internet ◽

Cpu Usage ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

Recently, two technologies have emerged to provide advanced programmability in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environments, namely P4 and XDP. At the same time, the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a pillar of future 6G networks, which will be also sustained by SDN. In this regard, there is a need to analyze the suitability of P4 and XDP for IoT. In this article, we aim to compare both technologies to help future research efforts in the field. For this purpose, we evaluate both technologies by implementing diverse use cases, assessing their performance and providing a quick qualitative overview. All tests and design scenarios are publicly available in GitHub to guarantee replication and serve as initial steps for researchers that want to initiate in the field. Results illustrate that currently XDP is the best option for constrained IoT devices, showing lower latency times, half the CPU usage, and reduced memory in comparison with P4. However, development of P4 programs is more straightforward and the amount of code lines is more similar regardless of the scenario. Additionally, P4 has a lot of potential in IoT if a special effort is made to improve the most common software target, BMv2.

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Container Migration in the Fog: A Performance Evaluation

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19071488 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 1488 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Carlo Puliafito ◽

Carlo Vallati ◽

Enzo Mingozzi ◽

Giovanni Merlino ◽

Francesco Longo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Performance Evaluation ◽

Essential Feature ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Use Cases ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Smart Transportation ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Smart Industry ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Migration Technique

The internet of things (IoT) is essential for the implementation of applications and services that require the ability to sense the surrounding environment through sensors and modify it through actuators. However, IoT devices usually have limited computing capabilities and hence are not always sufficient to directly host resource-intensive services. Fog computing, which extends and complements the cloud, can support the IoT with computing resources and services that are deployed close to where data are sensed and actions need to be performed. Virtualisation is an essential feature in the cloud as in the fog, and containers have been recently getting much popularity to encapsulate fog services. Besides, container migration among fog nodes may enable several emerging use cases in different IoT domains (e.g., smart transportation, smart industry). In this paper, we first report container migration use cases in the fog and discuss containerisation. We then provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art migration techniques for containers, i.e., cold, pre-copy, post-copy, and hybrid migrations. The main contribution of this work is the extensive performance evaluation of these techniques that we conducted over a real fog computing testbed. The obtained results shed light on container migration within fog computing environments by clarifying, in general, which migration technique might be the most appropriate under certain network and service conditions.

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Saving bandwidth and energy of mobile and IoT devices with link predictions

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing ◽

10.1007/s12652-020-02557-z ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriel Orsini ◽

Wolf Posdorfer ◽

Winfried Lamersdorf

Keyword(s):

Mobile Devices ◽

Use Cases ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Software Infrastructure ◽

Distributed Decision Making ◽

Mobile Middleware ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Context Data ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

Abstract Use cases in the Internet of Things (IoT) and in mobile clouds often require the interaction of one or more mobile devices with their infrastructure to provide users with services. Ideally, this interaction is based on a reliable connection between the communicating devices, which is often not the case. Since most use cases do not adequately address this issue, service quality is often compromised. Aimed to address this issue, this paper proposes a novel approach to forecast the connectivity and bandwidth of mobile devices by applying machine learning to the context data recorded by the various sensors of the mobile device. This concept, designed as a microservice, has been implemented in the mobile middleware CloudAware, a system software infrastructure for mobile cloud computing that integrates easily with mobile operating systems, such as Android. We evaluated our approach with real sensor data and showed how to enable mobile devices in the IoT to make assumptions about their future connectivity, allowing for intelligent and distributed decision making on the mobile edge of the network.

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SACA: Self-Aware Communication Architecture for IoT Using Mobile Fog Servers

Mobile Information Systems ◽

10.1155/2017/3273917 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Vishal Sharma ◽

Jae Deok Lim ◽

Jeong Nyeo Kim ◽

Ilsun You

Keyword(s):

Network Reliability ◽

Packet Losses ◽

State Dependency ◽

Communication Architecture ◽

Storage And Retrieval ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

Network Simulations ◽

Probability Of Connectivity ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Iot Devices

Internet of things (IoT) aims at bringing together large business enterprise solutions and architectures for handling the huge amount of data generated by millions of devices. For this aim, IoT is necessary to connect various devices and provide a common platform for storage and retrieval of information without fail. However, the success of IoT depends on the novelty of network and its capability in sustaining the increasing demand by users. In this paper, a self-aware communication architecture (SACA) is proposed for sustainable networking over IoT devices. The proposed approach employs the concept of mobile fog servers which make relay using the train and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. The problem is presented based on Wald’s maximum model, which is resolved by the application of a distributed node management (DNM) system and state dependency formulations. The proposed approach is capable of providing prolonged connectivity by increasing the network reliability and sustainability even in the case of failures. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical and network simulations in terms of significant gains attained with lesser delay and fewer packet losses. The proposed approach is also evaluated against Sybil, wormhole, and DDoS attacks for analyzing its sustainability and probability of connectivity in unfavorable conditions.

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Identifying and Mitigating Phishing Attack Threats in IoT Use Cases Using a Threat Modelling Approach

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21144816 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 4816

Author(s):

Syed Ghazanfar Abbas ◽

Ivan Vaccari ◽

Faisal Hussain ◽

Shahzaib Zahid ◽

Ubaid Ullah Fayyaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cyber Security ◽

Gain Control ◽

Use Cases ◽

Sensitive Information ◽

Phishing Attacks ◽

Internet Users ◽

Threat Modelling ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Smart Cars ◽

Modelling Approach

Internet of things (IoT) is a technology that enables our daily life objects to connect on the Internet and to send and receive data for a meaningful purpose. In recent years, IoT has led to many revolutions in almost every sector of our society. Nevertheless, security threats to IoT devices and networks are relentlessly disruptive, because of the proliferation of Internet technologies. Phishing is one of the most prevalent threats to all Internet users, in which attackers aim to fraudulently extract sensitive information of a user or system, using fictitious emails, websites, etc. With the rapid increase in IoT devices, attackers are targeting IoT devices such as security cameras, smart cars, etc., and perpetrating phishing attacks to gain control over such vulnerable devices for malicious purposes. In recent decades, such scams have been spreading, and they have become increasingly advanced over time. By following this trend, in this paper, we propose a threat modelling approach to identify and mitigate the cyber-threats that can cause phishing attacks. We considered two significant IoT use cases, i.e., smart autonomous vehicular system and smart home. The proposed work is carried out by applying the STRIDE threat modelling approach to both use cases, to disclose all the potential threats that may cause a phishing attack. The proposed threat modelling approach can support the IoT researchers, engineers, and IoT cyber-security policymakers in securing and protecting the potential threats in IoT devices and systems in the early design stages, to ensure the secure deployment of IoT devices in critical infrastructures.

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Study of the Efficiency of Fog Computing in an Optimized LoRaWAN Cloud Architecture

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21093159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 3159

Author(s):

Jakub Jalowiczor ◽

Jan Rozhon ◽

Miroslav Voznak

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Fog Computing ◽

The Internet ◽

Long Distance ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Communication Architecture ◽

Computing Paradigm ◽

Data Volume ◽

Distance Communication ◽

Iot Devices

The technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) have an increasing influence on our daily lives. The expansion of the IoT is associated with the growing number of IoT devices that are connected to the Internet. As the number of connected devices grows, the demand for speed and data volume is also greater. While most IoT network technologies use cloud computing, this solution becomes inefficient for some use-cases. For example, suppose that a company that uses an IoT network with several sensors to collect data within a production hall. The company may require sharing only selected data to the public cloud and responding faster to specific events. In the case of a large amount of data, the off-loading techniques can be utilized to reach higher efficiency. Meeting these requirements is difficult or impossible for solutions adopting cloud computing. The fog computing paradigm addresses these cases by providing data processing closer to end devices. This paper proposes three possible network architectures that adopt fog computing for LoRaWAN because LoRaWAN is already deployed in many locations and offers long-distance communication with low-power consumption. The architecture proposals are further compared in simulations to select the optimal form in terms of total service time. The resulting optimal communication architecture could be deployed to the existing LoRaWAN with minimal cost and effort of the network operator.

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Hybrid LoRa-IEEE 802.11s Opportunistic Mesh Networking for Flexible UAV Swarming

Drones ◽

10.3390/drones5020026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Luca Davoli ◽

Emanuele Pagliari ◽

Gianluigi Ferrari

Keyword(s):

Communication Systems ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Use Cases ◽

Base Stations ◽

Line Of Sight ◽

Ieee 802.11S ◽

Communication Architecture ◽

Relevant Reference ◽

Exchange Data ◽

Long Range Communication

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and small drones are nowadays being widely used in heterogeneous use cases: aerial photography, precise agriculture, inspections, environmental data collection, search-and-rescue operations, surveillance applications, and more. When designing UAV swarm-based applications, a key “ingredient” to make them effective is the communication system (possible involving multiple protocols) shared by flying drones and terrestrial base stations. When compared to ground communication systems for swarms of terrestrial vehicles, one of the main advantages of UAV-based communications is the presence of direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) links between flying UAVs operating at an altitude of tens of meters, often ensuring direct visibility among themselves and even with some ground Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Therefore, the adoption of proper networking strategies for UAV swarms allows users to exchange data at distances (significantly) longer than in ground applications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid communication architecture for UAV swarms, leveraging heterogeneous radio mesh networking based on long-range communication protocols—such as LoRa and LoRaWAN—and IEEE 802.11s protocols. We then discuss its strengths, constraints, viable implementation, and relevant reference use cases.

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