Effect of saddleback syndrome and vertebral deformity on the body shape and size in hatchery-reared juvenile red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara (Perciformes: Serranidae): a geometric morphometric approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Setiadi ◽  
S. Tsumura ◽  
D. Kassam ◽  
K. Yamaoka
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Vertebral Deformity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Epinephelus Akaara ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals Somatotype, diet and nutritional status of women

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata E. Drywień ◽  
Joanna Frąckiewicz ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka ◽  
Beata Ważna ◽  
Paulina Zielińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractThe relationship between energy value and nutrients intake and the body shape and size parameters (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences) has become an interesting research area for nutritionists and dieticians. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the body shape and size parameters (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences), somatotype (according to the Rohrer (RI) index) and energy value and nutrients intake of women. The study was conducted in 2014 and 2016 on 148 female volunteers aged 57-88 from the Mazovian and Lublin province (Poland). Sample selection was targeted at elderly people with different body types. The exclusion criteria were: multi-organ failure, cancer and disability. Then among the subjects, a survey was conducted, that included demographic data, lifestyle, health status and vitamins and minerals supplements use. Food intake has been assessed using a 3-day dietary food records. The somatotype was determined using the RI with the Curtis key, classifying the subjects as ectomorphic (n=30), mesomorphic (n=31) and endomorphic (n=87). The somatotype was significantly related to place of residence, physical activity, waist and hip circumference, WHR and BMI index, total protein intake, animal protein intake, vitamin E intake (p≤0.05) and to fat, phosphorus and thiamine intake (p≤0.1). The obtained results showed that the place of residence, physical activity, chronic diseases, the use of specialized diet, body weight fluctuations, BMI and WHR were different depending on the somatotype in the examined group of women. Endomorphic subjects had significantly greater waist and hip circumference and diastolic blood pressure compared to the other somatotypes. The somatotype had only a significant effect on total protein, animal protein and vitamin E intake, and ectomorphic elderly women may be particularly susceptible to nutrient deficiencies. Due to the risk of macronutrient, vitamin and mineral deficiencies in the diets of the examined women, it seems necessary to educate this group as well as caregivers and doctors in the area of nutrition adapted to the needs of the elderly.

scholarly journals Beyond BMI for self-estimates of body size and shape: A new method for developing stimuli correctly calibrated for body composition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Maalin ◽  
Sophie Mohamed ◽  
Robin S. S. Kramer ◽  
Piers L. Cornelissen ◽  
Daniel Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Abstract Accurate self-assessment of body shape and size plays a key role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of both obesity and eating disorders. These chronic conditions cause significant health problems, reduced quality of life, and represent a major problem for health services. Variation in body shape depends on two aspects of composition: adiposity and muscularity. However, most self-assessment tools are unidimensional. They depict variation in adiposity only, typically quantified by the body mass index. This can lead to substantial, and clinically meaningful, errors in estimates of body shape and size. To solve this problem, we detail a method of creating biometrically valid body stimuli. We obtained high-resolution 3D body shape scans and composition measures from 397 volunteers (aged 18–45 years) and produced a statistical mapping between the two. This allowed us to create 3D computer-generated models of bodies, correctly calibrated for body composition (i.e., muscularity and adiposity). We show how these stimuli, whose shape changes are based on change in composition in two dimensions, can be used to match the body size and shape participants believe themselves to have, to the stimulus they see. We also show how multivariate multiple regression can be used to model shape change predicted by these 2D outcomes, so that participants’ choices can be explained by their measured body composition together with other psychometric variables. Together, this approach should substantially improve the accuracy and precision with which self-assessments of body size and shape can be made in obese individuals and those suffering from eating disorders.

Differentiation of external morphology of Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) in light of the ontogeny of three species

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2775 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANISŁAW SENICZAK ◽  
ANNA SENICZAK
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Dorsal Seta ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Shape And Size

Morphology of juvenile stages and ontogeny of Damaeus onustus C. L. Koch, 1844, Damaeus clavipes (Hermann, 1804) and Kunstidamaeus tecticola (Michael, 1888) was investigated. The juveniles of these species differ mainly in body shape and size, and shape of some setae on the gastronotum and legs. The nymphs of all species lose centrodorsal setae of the d-series, and carry the exuviae of previous instars, but D. onustus carries also compact humus mass adhering to exuviae, D. clavipes a lot of loose debris, while K. tecticola usually only exuviae. The kind of camouflage is partly determined by the shape of gastronotal setae; in D. onustus these setae are curved ventrally, in D. clavipes are raised, while in K. tecticola are raised, and strongly curved medial. The nymphs of these species, as the nymphs of all other known Damaeidae, have gastronotal cornicle, which connects the exuviae of previous instars to the gastronotum. The cornicle of particular species differs in shape and location on the gastronotum; in some species is located anteromedial to setae la, in the other between setae lm, and in the other yet between setae lp or h 3 . The adults of these species differ mainly in body size, presence and shape of cuticular apophyses on the body, length of some setae on the prodorsum and notogaster, and the number of setae on legs, including dorsal seta d on genua I–III and tibiae I–IV.

The Use of Geometric Morphometric Techniques to Identify Sexual Dimorphism in Gait

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Waldock ◽  
Nick Milne ◽  
Jonas Rubenson ◽  
Cyril Jon Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Shape And Size

This study attempts to apply geometric morphometric techniques for the analysis of 3D kinematic marker-based gait data. As a test, we attempted to identify sexual dimorphism during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Two techniques were used to try to identify differences in the way males and females walk without the results being affected by individual differences in body shape and size. Twenty-eight kinematic markers were placed on the torso and legs of 6 male and 8 female subjects, and the 3D time varying coordinates of the kinematic markers were recorded. The gait cycle trials were time-normalized to 61 frames representing the stance phase of gait, and the change in the shape of the configuration of kinematic markers was analyzed using principal components analysis to produce ‘gait signatures’ that characterize the kinematics of each individual. The variation in the gait signatures was analyzed with a further principal components analysis. These methods were able to detect significant sexual dimorphism even after the effects of sexual body shape and size differences were factored out. We discuss insights gained from performing this study which may be of value to others attempting to apply geometric morphometric methods to motion analysis.

scholarly journals Morphological responses of a stream fish to water impoundment

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis C. Haas ◽  
Michael J. Blum ◽  
David C. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Cyprinella Venusta ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Water Impoundment

Water impoundment imposes fundamental changes on natural landscapes by transforming rivers into reservoirs. The dramatic shift in physical conditions accompanying the loss of flow creates novel ecological and evolutionary challenges for native species. In this study, we compared the body shape of Cyprinella venusta collected from eight pairs of river and reservoir sites across the Mobile River Basin (USA). Geometric morphometric analysis of the body shape showed that river populations differ from reservoir populations. Individuals inhabiting reservoirs are deep-bodied and have a smaller head, a more anterior dorsal fin, a shorter dorsal fin base and a more ventral position of the eye than C. venusta in streams. The direction of shape divergence within reservoir–river pairs was consistent among pairs of sites, and the shape of C. venusta in reservoirs is strongly correlated with reservoir size. These findings show that physical characteristics of reservoirs drive changes in the morphological attributes of native fish populations, indicating that water impoundment may be an important, yet largely unrecognized, evolutionary driver acting on aquatic biodiversity.

Body shape evolution of Chromis and Azurina species (Percifomes, Pomacentridae) of the eastern Pacific

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalía Aguilar-Medrano
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Morphometric Analyses

Chromis is a circumglobal tropical and temperate genus with over 84 species of damselfishes. Studies based in osteological and molecular data have cited the relationship between Azurina and Chromis in the eastern Pacific. The main objectives of the study are: (1) to characterize size and shape in all Chromis and Azurina species of the eastern Pacific, (2) explore the phylogenetic signal of external morphology, and (3) present a hypothesis of the diversification process of this group. According to the results, there is no significant relationship between size and shape. The variation in body shape among all species is related to the height of the trunk, position of the snout and eye, and length of the caudal peduncle. The main morphologic variation between Azurina and Chromis is the degree of elongation of the body. Both Azurina species are closely related to C. punctipinnis and C. atrilobata. The morphological pattern of Azurina integrated it into Chromis. The phylogenetic pattern found by geometric morphometric analyses presented a high similarity with previous results based on molecular data. Phylogeny recovered two main clades, slender-bodied and deep-bodied species. This pattern of morphometric variation is closely related to exploitation of two different reef environments.

scholarly journals Seasonal shape variations, ontogenetic shape changes, and sexual dimorphism in a population of land isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: a geometric morphometric study

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek G. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Shape Changes

Abstract Background Isopods shape features are sensitive and respond to several selective pressures which may result in variations of these features. These pressures might reflect the heterogeneity of the environment where an animal lives. Land isopods Porcellionides pruinosus were collected from an agricultural field. Landmarks geometric morphometrics was applied to evaluate its shape changes during two different seasons. The present work aims to (i) assess and characterize morphological changes in body shape of P. pruinosus as a response to seasonal variations, (ii) determine differences in the body shape during ontogeny, (iii) examine the effect of intraspecific allometry to interpret the observed variations in the species, and (iv) clarify whether the body shape of P. pruinosus can be used as a sexual differentiating trait. Results Juveniles showed no seasonal variations in the body shape, which were detected among adults, females and males as shown by PCA, DFA, and MANOVA. The adult winter forms have large bodies, small heads, broad pereons, and short but wide telsons. The adult summer forms have small slender bodies, slightly stretched heads, and relatively long telsons. Juveniles’ growth to adulthood showed body shape changes in the head and pereon, that include shrank of the head in the anteroposterior direction and its level became slightly lower than the body. The pereon becomes broader and the two anterolateral projections of the first pereonite extend anteriorly, reaching a little beyond the posterior margin of the eyes. Present species showed a shape sexual dimorphism which includes the broader body and more convex pereon in females and a small waist between the second and third pleonites in males. Shape sexual dimorphism was attributed to reproductive activity. Both allometric trajectories of juveniles and adults (ontogenetic allometry) and of sexes (static allometry) were parallel. Conclusions The landmark geometric morphometric technique was able to reveal the seasonal shape variations in terrestrial isopod P. pruinosus. Also, this method provides information about shape variations between juveniles and adults, as well as about shape sexual dimorphism.

Updating long-held assumptions about fat stigma: For women, body shape plays a critical role

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Steven L. Neuberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Obesity Stigma ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Fat Stigma

Heavier bodies—particularly female bodies—are stigmatized. Such fat stigma is pervasive, painful to experience, and may even facilitate weight gain, thereby perpetuating the obesity-stigma cycle. Leveraging research on functionally distinct forms of fat (deposited on different parts of the body), we propose that body shape plays an important but largely underappreciated role in fat stigma, above and beyond fat amount. Across three samples varying in participant ethnicity (White and Black Americans) and nation (U.S., India), patterns of fat stigma reveal that, as hypothesized, participants differently stigmatized equally-overweight or -obese female targets as a function of target shape, sometimes even more strongly stigmatizing targets with less rather than more body mass. Such findings suggest value in updating our understanding of fat stigma to include body shape and in querying a predominating, but often implicit, theoretical assumption that people simply view all fat as bad (and more fat as worse).

Chaos in body–vortex interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 466 (2119) ◽  
pp. 1871-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Roenby ◽  
Hassan Aref
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Relative Equilibrium ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Point Vortex ◽  
Cylindrical Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Single Vortex ◽  
Vortex Interactions

The model of body–vortex interactions, where the fluid flow is planar, ideal and unbounded, and the vortex is a point vortex, is studied. The body may have a constant circulation around it. The governing equations for the general case of a freely moving body of arbitrary shape and mass density and an arbitrary number of point vortices are presented. The case of a body and a single vortex is then investigated numerically in detail. In this paper, the body is a homogeneous, elliptical cylinder. For large body–vortex separations, the system behaves much like a vortex pair regardless of body shape. The case of a circle is integrable. As the body is made slightly elliptic, a chaotic region grows from an unstable relative equilibrium of the circle-vortex case. The case of a cylindrical body of any shape moving in fluid otherwise at rest is also integrable. A second transition to chaos arises from the limit between rocking and tumbling motion of the body known in this case. In both instances, the chaos may be detected both in the body motion and in the vortex motion. The effect of increasing body mass at a fixed body shape is to damp the chaos.

scholarly journals Sea stars generate downforce to stay attached to surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hermes ◽  
Mitul Luhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Hydrodynamic Loads ◽  
Spherical Dome ◽  
Star Models

AbstractIntertidal sea stars often function in environments with extreme hydrodynamic loads that can compromise their ability to remain attached to surfaces. While behavioral responses such as burrowing into sand or sheltering in rock crevices can help minimize hydrodynamic loads, previous work shows that sea stars also alter body shape in response to flow conditions. This morphological plasticity suggests that sea star body shape may play an important hydrodynamic role. In this study, we measured the fluid forces acting on surface-mounted sea star and spherical dome models in water channel tests. All sea star models created downforce, i.e., the fluid pushed the body towards the surface. In contrast, the spherical dome generated lift. We also used Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to measure the midplane flow field around the models. Control volume analyses based on the PIV data show that downforce arises because the sea star bodies serve as ramps that divert fluid away from the surface. These observations are further rationalized using force predictions and flow visualizations from numerical simulations. The discovery of downforce generation could explain why sea stars are shaped as they are: the pentaradial geometry aids attachment to surfaces in the presence of high hydrodynamic loads.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document