scholarly journals Prison Guards' Attitudes Towards the Prevention of Sexual Contacts Between Inmates

2010 ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
CLÁUDIA COELHO ◽  
RUI ABRUNHOSA GONÇALVES
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Prison Guards

The Correction Academy

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Federal Funds ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Prison Guards

In the 1960s, the training of prison guards became an important issue among prison reformers and others seeking to improve correctional practices. Substantial federal funds were made available to state correction departments, and by 1973 a number of correction academies had been established.

Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infections

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-364
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Far East ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Infection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infections

Infants born to mothers who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive are frequently infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Many of these newborns will become chronic carriers of HBV and will subsequently develop chronic liver disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that perinatal transmission can be prevented by immunization of the newborn. Recommendations for the management of infants at risk are presented. PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HBV INFECTIONS Perinatal infection of infants by mothers who are HBsAg positive is most likely to occur if mothers are also hepatitis Be antigen positive. About 90% of infants whose mothers are positive for both markers will become infected and most will become permanent carriers.1 Infants whose mothers are HBeAg negative or who have antibody to HBeAg are at lesser risk, but can still be infected.2 Infected infants usually will not become HBsAg positive until several weeks after birth. Although clinical jaundice or acute hepatitis are rare in infected infants, elevations in transaminase levels are frequent.3 It is estimated that about one in four infants who become chronic carriers following perinatal infection will develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma later in life. As they are persistent carriers, later in life they may transmit infection to other family members, to sexual contacts, or to others by transfusions or inoculation of their blood. Infection of female infants may eventually result in transmission of HBV to their own infants. Indeed, transmission from mother to infant is a major method of perpetuation of this virus in hyperendemic areas, eg, the Far East.

Training And Resistance to Change: Work with a Group of Prison Guards

World Futures ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 426-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Gozzoli ◽  
Chiara D’Angelo ◽  
Giancarlo Tamanza
Keyword(s):  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Prison Guards

An outbreak of syphilis in Oslo

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 370-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Halsos ◽  
K Edgardh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Oral Sex ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Latent Syphilis ◽  
Retrospective Investigation

During 1999 and 2000, an outbreak of syphilis occurred in Norway: 93 cases were reported to the National Institute of Public Health. This report summarizes a retrospective investigation of the medical records of 60 patients with primary, secondary and early latent syphilis treated during 1999–2000 at the Department of STD at the Ullevål University Hospital in Oslo. Five women and 55 men were treated, mean age 38.6 and 44.9 years, respectively. Of the 60 cases, 14 (23.3%) had primary, 39 (65.0) secondary and seven (11.7%) early latent syphilis. Men who have sex with men (MSM) constituted 78.2% (43/55) of the male patients. Transmission among MSM was related to casual sexual contacts in bathhouses in Oslo. Two cases occurred among men with previously diagnosed HIV infection. Two new cases of HIV were reported. Condom use was inconsistent, and seldom used for oral sex.

scholarly journals Molecular Typing ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaeIsolates by Opa-Typing and Ribotyping in New Delhi, India

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pejvak Khaki ◽  
Preena Bhalla ◽  
Ahmad Mir Fayaz ◽  
Sohiela Moradi Bidhendi ◽  
Majid Esmailzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiological Characterization

Control and preventive measures for gonococcal infections are based on precise epidemiological characteristics ofN. gonorrhoeaeisolates. In the present study the potential utility of opa-typing and ribotyping for molecular epidemiological study of consecutive gonococcal strains was determined. Sixty gonococcal isolates were subjected to ribotyping with two restriction enzymes,AvaII andHincII, and opa-typing withTaqI andHpaII for epidemiological characterization of gonococcal population. Ribotyping withAvaII yielded 6 ribotype patterns while twelve RFLP patterns were observed withHincII. Opa-typing of the 60 isolates revealed a total 54 opa-types, which 48 were unique and 6 formed clusters. Fifty-two opa-types were observed withTaqI-digested PCR product while opa-typing withHpaII demonstrated 54 opa-types. The opa-types from isolates that were epidemiologically unrelated were distinct, whereas those from the sexual contacts were identical. The results showed that opa-typing is highly useful for characterizing gonococcal strains from sexual contacts and has more discriminatory than ribotyping that could differentiate between gonococci of the same ribotype. The technique even with a single restriction enzyme has a high level of discrimination (99.9%) between epidemiologically unrelated isolates. In conclusion, the molecular methods such as opa-typing and ribotyping can be used for epidemiological characterization of gonococcal strains.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Ceccarelli ◽  
Marta Giovanetti ◽  
Caterina Sagnelli ◽  
Alessandra Ciccozzi ◽  
Gabriella d’Ettorre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Decline ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Hiv 1

West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.

scholarly journals EI FORAS, MULIER, CZYLI ROZWÓD W KOMEDIACH PLAUTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tarwacka
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
As If ◽  
New Comedy

El FORAS MULIER, VIZ. DIVORCE IN PLAUTUS’ COMEDIESSummary The Romans treated law as a very important element of everyday life. That is why their literature is so full of allusions to law.Plautus wrote his comedies for nearly 30 years, between 210 and 184B.C. His plays were based on the Greek Middle and New Comedy. It isnot always easy to distinguish the parts where he refers to Roman law fromthose where he simply translates the original text without making anychanges.In many of Plautus’ plays we can find information about divorce, though divorce was never shown on the stage for obvious moral reasons.In Menaechmi the husband threatens his wife with repudium because hefeels a slave in his own house - an ideal wife should - under no circumstances - spy on her husband or even ask him about his affairs. The position of a men in this relationship is rather weak - his wife brought a largedowry and he is simply afraid of what he could lose by ending his marriage. In Mercator Syra, a slave-woman, comments that husbans are allowed tohave sexual contacts with other women, whereas their wives can be easilyrepudiated even if seen outside their houses without a permission. Thereseems to have been no possibility for a woman to demand divorce in Romeof the III/II century B. C. Plautus uses this fact for comical purposes. InAmphitruo Alcumena speaks the formula of repudium as if backwords: tibihabeas res tuasy reddas meas, making it sound as if it was her husband to repudiate her.Plautus gives a lot of evidence that divorces were quite common in histimes and that the Romans knew perfectly all its legal aspects.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges and relational aspects of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents: insights from the B-GAP study in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chido Dziva Chikwari ◽  
Sarah Bernays ◽  
Stefanie Dringus ◽  
Victoria Simms ◽  
Helen A Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Introduction Index-linked HIV testing, targeted at sexual contacts or children of individuals with HIV, may improve yield and efficiency. The B-GAP study evaluated index-linked testing approaches in health facility and community-based settings. This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand factors that affect uptake of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents. Methods We conducted four focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers who had their children tested through B-GAP and one FGD with providers who offered index-linked HIV testing to indexes. We aimed to understand enabling and inhibiting factors in the decision-making process. Translated and transcribed transcripts were read for familiarisation. Following initial coding, analytical memos were written to identify emerging key themes across the data. Results Our findings showed there was inadequate emphasis on paediatric HIV in routine care which had a negative impact on subsequent uptake of testing for children. Once the decision to test had been made, access to facilities was sometimes challenging, and alleviated by community-based testing. A key finding was that HIV testing is not a discrete event but a process that was influenced by relationships with other family members and children themselves. These relationships raised complex issues that could prevent or delay the testing process. Conclusion There is a need to improve messaging on the importance of HIV testing for children and adolescents and to provide support to caregivers and their families in order to improve testing uptake. Addressing access barriers through the provision of community-based testing and implementing a family centred approach can optimize index-linked testing.

scholarly journals Men treated for syphilis in Białystok, Poland, 2014-2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 329-335
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Beata Serwin ◽  
Adriana Grochowska ◽  
Iwona Flisiak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Partner Notification ◽  
Secondary Syphilis ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Sex With Men

INTRODUCTION. Incidence of syphilis is increasing in Europe in recent years, mainly due to high incidence in men, especially men who have sex with men (MSM). AIM. To analyse sociodemographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of men treated for syphilis in Bialystok in 2014 – 2018, to compare these of MSM and men who have sex with women (MSW). MATERIAL AND METHODS. Analysis of age, residency, professional activity, type of sexual contacts (steady vs. casual), marital status, stage of syphilis diagnosed, concomitant sexually transmitted infections (STIs), treatment, partner notification and follow-up attendance. RESULTS. Of 49 male patients with syphilis 26 (53.06%) were MSM and 23 (46.94%) – MSW. The average age was 33.67 and 35.87 years in MSM and MSW patients, respectively. Majority of patients in both groups were residents of urban areas. Tradesmen and those unemployed constituted the highest proportion in MSM and MSW group, respectively. MSM were in majority single and had only casual contacts while MSW, mostly married or engaged in steady relationship, had also casual contacts. Secondary syphilis was most frequently diagnosed in MSM and late latent syphilis - in MSW. Eight patients (16.32%) had concomitant HIV infection, in all diagnosed before syphilis. Contact tracing was successful in 26.92% of MSM and 39.13% of MSW. Follow-up was not done or not completed in half of MSM and more than half of MSW. CONCLUSIONS. Results confirm that MSM play a crucial role in the current epidemics of syphilis. They have mainly casual sexual contacts and have symptomatic infection. In both MSM and MSW contact tracing and follow-up attendance is suboptimal.

Deterring Strikes by Public Employees: New York's Two-For-One Salary Penalty and the 1979 Prison Guard Strike

ILR Review ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
York State ◽  
Prison Guards ◽  
Current Provision

After briefly tracing the development of the statutory penalties imposed on striking public employees in New York State, this article focuses on the Taylor Law's requirement that such strikers lose two days' salary for each day they are on strike. Particular emphasis is placed on the litigation that occurred in the aftermath of the statewide strike by prison guards in 1979, when the guards' union challenged several aspects of the two-for-one penalty. The author concludes that the act's current provision governing payment of the penalty—requiring that the entire two-for-one penalty be deducted from the strikers' paychecks during a sixty-day period after the strike—imposes a major hardship on participants in a long strike, and he recommends the act be amended in a way that he believes will not undermine the deterrent purposes of the penalty.

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