Impact of hot water‐calcium on the activity of cell wall degrading and antioxidant system enzymes in mango stored at chilling temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denisse Aurora Díaz‐Corona ◽  
Martha Edith López‐López ◽  
Lidia Elena Ayón‐Reyna ◽  
Jordi Gerardo López‐Velázquez ◽  
Blanca Alicia López‐Zazueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Chilling Temperature

scholarly journals Evaluating polymer interplay after hot water pretreatment to investigate maize stem internode recalcitrance

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Leroy ◽  
Xavier Falourd ◽  
Loïc Foucat ◽  
Valérie Méchin ◽  
Fabienne Guillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Water Pretreatment ◽  
Hot Water Pretreatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Biomass recalcitrance is governed by various molecular and structural factors but the interplay between these multiscale factors remains unclear. In this study, hot water pretreatment (HWP) was applied to maize stem internodes to highlight the impact of the ultrastructure of the polymers and their interactions on the accessibility and recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic biomass. The impact of HWP was analysed at different scales, from the polymer ultrastructure or water mobility to the cell wall organisation by combining complementary compositional, spectral and NMR analyses. Results HWP increased the kinetics and yield of saccharification. Chemical characterisation showed that HWP altered cell wall composition with a loss of hemicelluloses (up to 45% in the 40-min HWP) and of ferulic acid cross-linking associated with lignin enrichment. The lignin structure was also altered (up to 35% reduction in β–O–4 bonds), associated with slight depolymerisation/repolymerisation depending on the length of treatment. The increase in $${T}_{1\rho }^{H}$$ T 1 ρ H , $${T}_{HH}$$ T HH and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the cellulose environment was looser after pretreatment. These changes were linked to the increased accessibility of more constrained water to the cellulose in the 5–15 nm pore size range. Conclusion The loss of hemicelluloses and changes in polymer structural features caused by HWP led to reorganisation of the lignocellulose matrix. These modifications increased the SSA and redistributed the water thereby increasing the accessibility of cellulases and enhancing hydrolysis. Interestingly, lignin content did not have a negative impact on enzymatic hydrolysis but a higher lignin condensed state appeared to promote saccharification. The environment and organisation of lignin is thus more important than its concentration in explaining cellulose accessibility. Elucidating the interactions between polymers is the key to understanding LB recalcitrance and to identifying the best severity conditions to optimise HWP in sustainable biorefineries.

scholarly journals Boron application mitigates Cd toxicity in leaves of rice by subcellular distribution, cell wall adsorption and antioxidant system

2021 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 112540
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Yaoyu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Cd Toxicity

scholarly journals Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses reveal cell wall remodelling in lichen-forming microalgae submitted to cyclic desiccation–rehydration

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
María González-Hourcade ◽  
Marcia R Braga ◽  
Eva M del Campo ◽  
Carmen Ascaso ◽  
Cristina Patiño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cell Shrinkage ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Environmental Sem

Abstract Background and Aims One of the most distinctive features of desiccation-tolerant plants is their high cell wall (CW) flexibility. Most lichen microalgae can tolerate drastic dehydration–rehydration (D/R) conditions; however, their mechanisms of D/R tolerance are scarcely understood. We tested the hypothesis that D/R-tolerant microalgae would have flexible CWs due to species-specific CW ultrastructure and biochemical composition, which could be remodelled by exposure to cyclic D/R. Methods Two lichen microalgae, Trebouxia sp. TR9 (TR9, adapted to rapid D/R cycles) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol, adapted to seasonal dry periods) were exposed to no or four cycles of desiccation [25–30 % RH (TR9) or 55–60 % RH (Csol)] and 16 h of rehydration (100 % RH). Low-temperature SEM, environmental SEM and freeze-substitution TEM were employed to visualize structural alterations induced by D/R. In addition, CWs were extracted and sequentially fractionated with hot water and KOH, and the gel permeation profile of polysaccharides was analysed in each fraction. The glycosyl composition and linkage of the main polysaccharides of each CW fraction were analysed by GC–MS. Key Results All ultrastructural analyses consistently showed that desiccation caused progressive cell shrinkage and deformation in both microalgae, which could be rapidly reversed when water availability increased. Notably, the plasma membrane of TR9 and Csol remained in close contact with the deformed CW. Exposure to D/R strongly altered the size distribution of TR9 hot-water-soluble polysaccharides, composed mainly of a β-3-linked rhamnogalactofuranan and Csol KOH-soluble β-glucans. Conclusions Cyclic D/R induces biochemical remodelling of the CW that could increase CW flexibility, allowing regulated shrinkage and expansion of D/R-tolerant microalgae.

scholarly journals Resistance of thermally modified and pressurized hot water extracted Scots pine sapwood against decay by the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Olli Paajanen ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

AbstractThe thermal degradation of wood is affected by a number of process parameters, which may also cause variations in the resistance against decay fungi. This study compares changes in the chemical composition, water-related properties and decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood that was either thermally modified (TM) in dry state at elevated temperatures (≥ 185 °C) or treated in pressurized hot water at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C). The thermal decomposition of easily degradable hemicelluloses reduced the mass loss caused by Rhodonia placenta, and it was suggested that the cumulative mass loss is a better indicator of an actual decay inhibition. Pressurized hot water extraction (HWE) did not improve the decay resistance to the same extent as TM, which was assigned to differences in the wood-water interactions. Cross-linking reactions during TM caused a swelling restraint and an effective reduction in moisture content. This decreased the water-swollen cell wall porosity, which presumably hindered the transport of degradation agents through the cell wall and/or reduced the accessibility of wood constituents for degradation agents. This effect was absent in hot water-extracted wood and strong decay occurred even when most hemicelluloses were already removed during HWE.

Radioautographic visualization of β-glucans formed by pea membranes from UDP-glucose

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1266-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susette C. Mueller ◽  
Gordon A. Maclachlan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Close Physical Proximity ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
Stem Slices

Radioautographic experiments were carried out using pea stem slices to determine the site of glucose incorporation from UDP-glucose. Cut or damaged pea stem cells were the only cells to incorporate [3H]glucose from UDP-[3H]glucose. The product formed at 20 μM UDP-glucose was observed in electron microscope thin sections in patches on the plasma membrane and the cell wall. The product formed at 5 mM UDP-glucose occurred in fibrillar bundles that stretched between the plasma membrane and the cell wall. This periplasmic material fluoresced when stained with aniline blue. Experiments in which slices were subjected to sequential incubations in radioactive 5 mM UDP-glucose followed by unlabelled 5 mM UDP-glucose, or incubations in the reverse order, indicated that incorporation of [3H]glucose into products insoluble in chloroform:methanol:water or hot water occurs at the plasma membrane, and radioactivity is displaced from the membrane by subsequent incubations. A similar experiment, in which slices were first incubated in radioactive 20 μM UDP-glucose followed by unlabelled 5 mM UDP-glucose, indicated that the synthesis of fibrillar material from 5 mM UDP-glucose displaces the labelled product that had been formed from 20 μM UDP-glucose. It is concluded that only cut or damaged pea stem cells utilize UDP-glucose and the plasma membrane enzymes that incorporate [3H]glucose from 20 μM or 5 mM UDP-[3H]glucose are in close physical proximity.

The effect of different extraction procedures on the recovery of cell walls in forage and faeces from cattle and sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Sodium Sulphite ◽  
Detergent Solution ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

SUMMARYForages and faeces from 28 digestibility experiments with cattle or sheep were extracted with neutral detergent solution, with and without sodium sulphite, or sequentially extracted with acid-pepsin, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether and either ammonium oxalate or hot water. Ammonium oxalate was used to extract small amounts of non-protein material not extracted from legumes by hot water. Compared with sequential extraction the average protein-free organic residues after extraction with detergent, with and without sodium sulphite, were significantly lower in legumes and faeces, but not in grasses. The largest differences occurred in faeces from grasses for which the recoveries of cell walls as percentages of the faecal organic matter were found to be 59·2, 62·0 and 66·4 respectively, after extraction with neutral detergent plus sodium sulphite, neutral detergent alone and sequential extraction with various solvents. It was considered that the differences were due to extraction of cell-wall constituents by both detergent and sulphite.

scholarly journals Chemical Properties of 15-year-old Teak (Tectona grandis L.f) from Different Seed Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Pormando Manalu ◽  
Tomy Listyanto ◽  
Denny Irawati ◽  
Rini Pujiarti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wall Components

Fifteen year-old teak wood samples planted in Ciamis FMU (Perhutani Enterprise) were evaluated for their chemical properties. Three seed sources such as conventional seed, clone, and superior wood and radial positions namely sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood were the observed factors. The specimens were taken from the bottom parts of their sources. Completely randomized design was used. Cell wall components were analyzed by various gravimetric methods.Analysis of variance and Duncan’s test were performed for data analysis. The results showed that no significant difference in the quantity of cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), extractives (ethanol-toluene and hot-water solubles), ash, and silica content among the seed sources. Superior teakwood or Jati Plus Perhutani, which has the highest growth rate (2.1~3.6 cm/year) among others, showed a comparative higher average pH values (7.08~7.38) and solubility in 1% NaOH (17.22~17.83%) than other sources. Radial factors significantly affected ethanol-toluene extractive and lignin content. The ethanol-toluene extractive had the highest content (9.30~11.54%) at the outer part of heartwood while lignin content was the lowest (28.12~30.10%) in the inner part. The result indicated some good characteristics of young teak trees compared to the mature ones in relation to wood processing.

Isolation and Characterization of Secretory Vesicles in Germinated Pollen of Lilium longiflorum

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. VAN DER WOUDE ◽  
D. J. MORRÉ ◽  
C. E. BRACKER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
Vesicle Membrane ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Germinated Pollen

Secretory vesicles containing polysaccharide were isolated from germinated pollen of Lilium longiflorum and characterized by biochemical and ultrastructural investigation. Pollen tubes exhibit a secretory pathway in which the vesicles concentrated in the tube apex are produced by the Golgi apparatus and contributed to the cell wall at the apex upon fusion of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane. Secretory vesicles were isolated by a method involving the size discrimination of cytoplasmic components using Millipore filters. Cells were disrupted under conditions which minimized membrane vesiculation. Identification was made by electron-microscopic comparison of the periodic acid-silver hexamine (PASH) reactivities of in situ and isolated secretory vesicles. The secretory vesicles contained polysaccharides which were high in galacturonic acid and similar in sugar composition to those of the hot-water-soluble fraction of pollen tube cell wall. A hot-water-insoluble, non-cellulosic glucan was the major component of the cell wall. Less than 7% of the wall was cellulosic. Chitin was absent. Similarities in the ultrastructure and PASH staining of apical secretory vesicles and an amorphous component of the cell wall support a precursor-product relationship between these 2 cell components. Ultrastructural investigations revealed complexes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated with electron-translucent regions of cytoplasm, suggesting a possible function of the ER in cell wall formation. Additionally, patterns of PASH staining show that changes in polysaccharides occur in secretory vesicles after vesicles have been formed by dictyosomes. Therefore, secretory vesicles may have a role in polysaccharide synthesis as well as in membrane and product transport.

Studies of the structure and chemical composition of the cell walls of Vaucheriaceae and Saprolegniaceae

1963 ◽  
Vol 158 (973) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Native Cellulose ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Crystalline Component

The cell walls of members of the Vaucheriaceae and Saprolegniaceae have been examined by X-ray analysis and electron microscopy, and their composition determined by hydrolysis and paper partition chromatography of the hydrolysates. Both differences and similarities between the members of these two species examined are found to supplement the comparative morphological and physiological information at present available. Saprolegnia , Achlya , Brevilegnia and Dictyuchus among the Saprolegniaceae possess hot-water soluble polysaccharides containing glucose residues only. This polysaccharide is not crystallographically identical with the polysaccharide found in Vaucheria sessilis with a similar solubility. The members of the Saprolegniaceae contain large amounts of alkali-soluble polysaccharides in contrast with the negligible amount found in V. sessilis . These polysaccharides are only weakly crystalline, but the indications are that the same polysaccharides may occur through­out the Saprolegniaceae. The alkali-insoluble wall material of Vaucheria species consists of highly crystalline native cellulose with large, apparently randomly arranged, microfibrils. The hydrolysate of this material contains ribose, xylose and arabinose in addition to glucose, presumably representing strongly bound pentosans. Native cellulose also occurs in the Saprolegniaceae but only in small proportion. The bulk of the alkali-insoluble fraction in the walls of these fungi appears amorphous in the electron microscope and is only weakly crystalline. It consists of one or m ore substances containing glucose, mannose, ribose and possibly other sugars together with traces of glucosamine. These substances presumably cover the cellulose microfibrils. The total quantity of non-cellulosic polysaccharide in the Saprolegniaceae approaches 85% of the total wall weight in contrast with the situation in Vaucheria where the cellulose alone approaches 90% of the total cell wall. Dichotomosiphon is unique among the organism s studied in this paper, in possessing a cell wall entirely soluble in alkali and composed of approximately equal quantities of glucose and xylose. The crystalline component is aβ-1,3-linked xylan, as already reported for some of the Siphonales (closely related algae) by Frei & Preston.

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