Effect of feed intake level and dietary protein content on the body temperature of pigs housed under thermo neutral conditions

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise of varying duration on the body composition, weight, and feed intake of mature Swiss albino mice. Fifty-four male mice were equally divided into a control group and five exercise groups (n = 9) performing 20, 40, 60, 120, and 240 min of daily exercise on a treadmill (7.2 m/min). Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly for 10 wk. At the completion of the study the mice were killed and the animal carcasses were chemically analyzed for fat, dry matter, and protein content. The results of this study demonstrate no differences in the body weight among groups (P less than 0.97) with all groups gaining 4.5–5.8 g during the 10-wk period. However, fat content decreased significantly from 15.7% in the control to 12.0% in the 120- and 240-min exercise groups (P less than 0.05). In contrast, protein content showed an insignificant rising trend from 13.0 to 14.6% with increasing duration of exercise. Feed intake showed a nonsignificant drop during the 20-min exercise treatment and remained unchanged among groups. These data show a slight but variable appetite-suppressing effect of light exercise in mice accompanied by favorable body composition changes even in the absence of differences in body weight. These findings suggest the mouse to be an acceptable experimental model for body composition and exercise studies.

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Effect of beef type, body weight and dietary protein content on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, blood and urine metabolites and nitrogen retention

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00731.x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (1-5) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

L. O. Fiems ◽

B. G. Cottyn ◽

Ch. V. Boucqué ◽

D. F. Bogaerts ◽

C. Eenaeme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Protein Content ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Urine Metabolites ◽

Voluntary Feed Intake

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GROWTH RESPONSE, BODY TEMPERATURE AND BLOOD CONSTITUENTS OF PULLET CHICKS FED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH CASHEW NUT REJECT MEAL

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v34i1.2416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 32-44

Author(s):

O. M. Sogunle ◽

A. O. Fanimo ◽

S. S. Abiola ◽

A. M. Bamgbose

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Growth Response ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Final Weight ◽

Cassava Peel

A 3 x 4 factorial experiment was conducted with four hundred and thirty-two, 7day old Yaafa brown pullet chicks in which the birds were divided into 12 treatment groups with 3 replications of 12 birds each. The diets consisted of 3 levels of cassava peel meal-CPM (0%, 10% and 20%) with each supplemented with 4 levels of cashew nut reject meal-CNM (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%). The study was conducted for 56 days. 20% CPM inclusion in the diets increased (P < 0.05) the bird’s body temperature and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the weight gain across treatments. Significant (P < 0.05) declines were also seen in the final weight from 0% to 20% CPM inclusion levels 0% CPM inclusion gave the highest (P < 0.05) weight gain 9.56 with the best (P < 0.05) feed/gain ration of 3.62. The cost of 1kg feed consumed (#) and 1kg feed consumed/weight gain #/g) were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by CPM inclusion in the diets. The lowest values of #38.09 and #4.00, respectively, were recorded in 0% CPM inclusion. The effect in the platelet. However, the effect of CNM inclusion on the performance and cost benefits, showed that the body temperature marginally increased (P > 0.05). Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in feed intake, percentage mortality, cost of 1kg feed consumed and cost of 1kg feed consumed/weight gain with CNM inclusion. The 30% CNM inclusion level had the lowest feed intake of 33.91g/bird and the best feed/gain of 3.86. The blood parameters recorded fluctuating values with CNM inclusion. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed only in the packed cell volume and the total protein. In the interaction, the highest final weight, weight gain and the best feed/gain were observed in diets 3 (0%CPM and 20%CNM). The lowest body temperature (P < 0.05) of 37.9oC was recorded in diet 1 (0%CPM and 0%CNM) while the highest value of 41.0oC was recorded in diets 9 (20%CPM and 0%CNM) and 10 (20%CPM and 10%CNM). The results showed that the blood parameters were not affected by the protein quality of the diets as CNM inclusion levels masked the deleterious effect of CPM in the diets. It was therefore concluded that the supplementation of CPM diets with CNM enhanced the utilization of the diets by ensuring normal growth response body temperature and blood constitutions.

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Functional amino acid supplementation, regardless of dietary protein content, improves growth performance and immune status of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lucas A Rodrigues ◽

Michael O Wellington ◽

J Caroline González-Vega ◽

John K Htoo ◽

Andrew G Van Kessel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Serum Albumin ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Immune Status ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Fecal Score

Abstract High dietary protein may increase susceptibility of weaned pigs to enteric pathogens. Dietary supplementation with functional amino acids (FAA) may improve growth performance of pigs during disease challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary protein content and FAA supplementation above requirements for growth on performance and immune response of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella. Sixty-four mixed-sex weanling pigs (13.9 ± 0.82 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low (LP) or high protein (HP) content and basal (AA–) or FAA profile (AA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) as factors. After a 7-d adaptation period, pigs were inoculated with either a sterile saline solution (CT) or saline solution containing Salmonella Typhimurium (ST; 3.3 × 109 CFU/mL). Growth performance, body temperature, fecal score, acute-phase proteins, oxidant/antioxidant balance, ST shedding score in feces and intestinal colonization, fecal and digesta myeloperoxidase (MPO), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were measured pre- and postinoculation. There were no dietary effects on any measures pre-inoculation or post-CT inoculation (P > 0.05). Inoculation with ST increased body temperature and fecal score (P < 0.05), serum haptoglobin, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), PUN, and fecal MPO, and decreased serum albumin and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH):oxidized glutathione (GSSG) compared with CT pigs (P < 0.05). ST-inoculation reduced average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) vs. CT pigs (P < 0.05) but was increased by AA+ vs. AA– in ST pigs (P < 0.05). Serum albumin and GSH:GSSG were increased while haptoglobin and SOD were decreased in ST-inoculated pigs fed AA+ vs. AA– (P < 0.05). PUN was higher in HP vs. LP-fed pigs postinoculation (P < 0.05). Fecal ST score was increased in ST-inoculated pigs on days 1 and 2 postinoculation and declined by day 6 (P < 0.05) in all pigs while the overall score was reduced in AA+ vs. AA– pigs (P < 0.05). Cecal digesta ST score was higher in HP vs. LP-fed pigs and were lower in AA+ compared with AA– fed pigs in the colon (P < 0.05). Fecal and digesta MPO were reduced in ST pigs fed AA+ vs. AA– (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate a positive effect of FAA supplementation, with minimal effects of dietary protein, on performance and immune status in weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella.

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A comparison of choice and phase feeding for growing–finishing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-012 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. S. Nam ◽

F. X. Aherne

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Protein Content ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Feeding System ◽

Three Phase ◽

Choice Feeding ◽

Feeding Systems

A growing-finishing trial using 72 crossbred gilts (19.7 kg initially) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of choice feeding in the production of pigs. Six pens of three gilts were assigned to each of the following feeding systems: (1) conventional three-phase feeding (18–16–14% crude protein; P3), (2) one-phase feeding (16%; P1), (3) three-phase choice feeding (24–14, 22–12, 20–10%; C3) of two diets differing in protein level, and (4) one-phase choice feeding (24–10% throughout; CI). The three growth periods were 20–50, 50–70 and 70–105 kg live weight. All diets were based on barley and soybean meal and contained the same energy level (13.7 MJ DE kg−1). Choice feeding systems (C1 and C3) during the grower period (20–50 kg) increased (P < 0.05) feed intake (1.52 vs. 1.33 kg d−1) and weight gain (801 vs. 731 g d−1) compared with those of phase feeding (P1 and P3). In the 50–105 kg growth phase, feeding systems had no effect on pig growth performance. Feed intake over the entire period (20–105 kg) was higher (P < 0.05) with choice feeding (2.55 kg d−1) than with phase feeding (2.27). Dietary protein intake increased (P < 0.05) by 18% in choice-fed pigs, and more dietary protein was required (P < 0.05) for weight gain from choice feeding than from phase feeding. There were no significant differences in the protein content of the diets selected by C1 and C3 pigs for any period or for the overall experiment. There were no significant effects of feeding system on carcass traits, except that carcass dressing percentage was highest (P < 0.05) for C3 pigs. These results suggest that choice-fed pigs consumed more dietary protein and required more protein for weight gain than pigs in a phase feeding system. Also, growing–finishing pigs do not have the ability to select a protein intake to meet their requirement for protein when they are provided a choice of diets differing in protein content. There was no advantage to using a three-phase choice feeding system rather than a singe-phase choice system. Key words: Choice feeding, protein selection, performance, carcass characteristics, pigs

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Lobster Nutrition: The Effect on Homarus americanus of Dietary Protein Levels

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f74-161 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 1363-1370 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

J. D. Castell ◽

S. D. Budson

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Serum Calcium ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Glycogen Content ◽

Homarus Americanus ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

The Body ◽

Heart Weight ◽

Molt Cycle ◽

Protein Levels

Adult American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were fed artificial diets ranging between 0 and 60% protein and made isocaloric by adjusting the content of cornstarch. Those fed the highest level of protein were in the best condition; each decrease in protein resulted in a poorer condition of the lobsters. When lobsters were fed diets at the maintenance level of 0.5% of the body weight in food per day, decreasing the dietary protein content resulted in increasing weight loss and decreasing molt incidence, serum protein content, percent edible meat, heart weight, hepatopancreas and gonad weights, and increased moisture content of several tissues. Although the serum glucose level was dependent upon the cornstarch content of the diet, the glycogen content of the hepatopancreas was not affected by dietary starch levels. The glycogen content of the hepatopancreas showed a very large range of values when protein was omitted from the diet.A relationship between serum calcium level and molt cycle was demonstrated. Serum calcium values went from an average of 50 mg% after molting to over 70 mg% 1 mo before molting.

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197 Body temperature of pigs exposed to heat stress conditions: effect of dietary protein level

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 111-112

Author(s):

Adriana Morales ◽

Miguel J Cervantes ◽

Alan Valle-Fimbres ◽

Duckens Antoine ◽

Ernesto Avelar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Protein Content ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Level ◽

Thermal Load ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Dietary Protein Level ◽

Amino Acid Intake ◽

Body Heat

Abstract Heat stress (HS) reduces feed intake and increases body temperature (BT) in pigs. Increased dietary protein content may correct HS-related reduced amino acid intake, but it may further increase BT. The effect of dietary protein level on BT of HS pigs was analyzed with 9-ileal cannulated pigs (61.7 ± 2.7 kg BW). A thermometer set to register BT at 5-min intervals was implanted into the ileum. There were two treatments: low-protein (10.8%) wheat-free Lys-Thr diet (LP); high-protein (21.6%), wheat-soybean meal diet. The study was conducted in two-10 d periods; d1-d7 for diet adaptation and d8 to d10 for BT data analysis. Pigs were fed at 0600 (morning), 1400 (midday), and 2200-h (evening), same amount each time. Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity ranged from 30.1 to 35.4 °C and from 50 to 84%, respectively. Both AT and BT followed a similar pattern; BT did not differ between LP and HP pigs (P > 0.05). Postprandial midday and evening BT was higher than postprandial morning BT (P < 0.05). The BT increment after the midday meal was larger and longer (P < 0.05) than that after the morning and evening meals. The postprandial morning and evening BT increments were longer in the HP pigs. Apparently, the capacity of pigs to dissipate postprandial body heat depends on the accumulated thermal load received before their meals; the thermal load before the morning meal was lower than that before the evening meal. In conclusion, these data show that the dietary protein level has a small effect on the BT of HS pigs, confirm that the effect of AT on BT of HS pigs is stronger than that of dietary protein content, and suggest that the capacity of pigs to dissipate body heat increases under HS conditions. This information may be useful to design better feeding strategies for pigs exposed to HS conditions.

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EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND CELLULOSE CONTENT OF SEMIPURIFIED DIETS ON VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY BY SHEEP

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas73-070 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 445-454 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. M. JONES ◽

A. CECYRE ◽

J. -M. GAUDREAU

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Low Protein ◽

Voluntary Feed Intake ◽

True Digestibility

Semipurified diets varying in dietary protein (5, 10, 15, and 20%) and cellulose (7, 14, 21, and 28%) content were fed to sheep to determine the influence of these dietary variables on voluntary feed intake (VFI) and digestibility of nutrients. Dietary protein content did not affect digestibility of dry matter (DM) or energy. Apparent digestibility of protein and nitrogen retention, but not true digestibility of protein, were directly related to protein content of the ration. VFI of the low protein diet was less than that of the 15% protein diet (P < 0.05). DM and energy digestibilities were lower (P < 0.01) for the two higher cellulose diets but there was a trend for increased VFI so that digestible energy intakes were similar. The results suggest that reduced VFI of low quality feedstuffs is related to protein content of the ration but not to dietary cellulose content per se.

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