scholarly journals Nitric oxide (NO) radical inhibitory of hedyotis philippinensis and its marker compound, asperuloside

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Norzehan Mohamad Mahbob ◽  
Rohaya Ahmad ◽  
Syahida Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
No Production ◽  
Marker Compound ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophage

Hedyotis spesies have been used in Chinese folk medicine as a treatment for colds, stomatitis and various inflammations. In this study, three methanolic extracts of Hedyotis species (Hedyotis corymbosa, Hedyotis havilandii and Hedyotis philippinensis) were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity. The plant extracts along with asperuloside, the marker compound of H. philippinensis were tested for their anti-inflammatory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon- (IFN-)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Among the three species, H. philippinensis (leaves and stems) showed good NO radical inhibitory activity (with IC50 values of 139.76±12.50 and 176.21±2.48 g/ml, respectively). Asperuloside, isolated as a major compound from the plant moderately inhibited LPS/IFN--induced NO production by 63% at a concentration of 100 M (45% cell viability) compared to L-NAME (77 %). Its IC50 value was found to be 75.45±2.25 M. Its inhibition was also found to be dose-dependent.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Activities of Polyacetylene from Dendropanax dentiger

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Chang Chien ◽  
Yen-Hsueh Tseng ◽  
Wei-Ning Hsu ◽  
Fang-Hua Chu ◽  
Shang-Tzen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Antioxidant Gene ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Chemoprevention Agent ◽  
Dose Dependent

Dendropanax dentiger has been used as a folk medicine since ancient times. In our current study, we observed that D. dentiger exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity, which could efficiently inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammation assay. (9 Z,16 S)-16-Hydroxy-9,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diynoic acid (HODA) was isolated from the leaves of D. dentiger following a bioactivity guided fractionation protocol. Our data indicated that HODA significantly inhibited the NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells (IC50 = 4.28 μM). Consistent with these observations, the mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS were also inhibited by HODA in a dose-dependent manner. HODA also reduced the translocation of NF-κB into nuclear fractions. Meanwhile, HODA enhanced Nrf-2 activation and its downstream antioxidant gene HO-1. We concluded that HODA possessed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity; the compound may have a potential for development as a chemoprevention agent.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Varieties Cultivated in Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sooriya Arachchige Sachini Jayawardana ◽  
Jayanetti Koralalage Ramani Radhika Samarasekera ◽  
Gardhi Hettiarachchige Chamari Madhu Hettiarachchi ◽  
Jaanaki Gooneratne ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The prevalence of inflammatory-mediated and oxidative stress-associated diseases is increasing worldwide, creating an increasing demand for novel sources of anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants. This study was focused on determining the in vitro arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (A5-LOX), xanthine oxidase (XO), hyaluronidase and oxidative burst inhibitory activities, and antioxidant properties of Ravi, Rawana, and Oshadha finger millet varieties using ethanolic and methanolic extracts. Among all extracts, the methanolic extract of Oshadha exhibited the highest A5-LOX (IC50 value: 484.42 μg/ml) and XO (IC50 value: 764.34 μg/ml) inhibitory activities. All extracts showed less than 50% hyaluronidase inhibitory activity at 1 mg/ml concentration. Methanolic extracts showed moderate inhibitory potential on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from whole blood phagocytes, with IC50 values ranging between 26.9 and 27.7 μg/ml, when compared to ibuprofen (IC50 value: 11.18 μg/ml). All extracts showed potent inhibition of ROS produced from polymorphonuclear neutrophils isolated from human blood when compared to ibuprofen (IC50 value: 2.47 μg/ml) and IC50 values of methanolic and ethanolic extracts ranged from 0.29 to 0.47 μg/ml and 1.35 to 1.70 μg/ml, respectively. All extracts had significantly high amounts of phenolic compounds including flavonoids and the potential to scavenge 2,2 ′ -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) cation, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), and oxygen radicals. Besides, they were able to reduce metal ions and chelate metal ions terminating radical generating reactions. This is the first report of A5-LOX, XO, hyaluronidase, and oxidative burst inhibitory properties of any extract of any finger millet variety cultivated in Sri Lanka. The findings revealed the potential of using these finger millet extracts as natural sources of anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Additionally, the findings indicated that Ravi, Rawana, and Oshadha varieties are good sources of antioxidants. Therefore, consumption of these finger millet varieties on a regular basis may play an important role in the prevention and dietary management of oxidative stress-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Benzophenone and Benzoylphloroglucinol Derivatives from Hypericum sampsonii with Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Otogirinin A

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yi Huang ◽  
Tzu-Cheng Chang ◽  
Yu-Jing Wu ◽  
Yun Chen ◽  
Jih-Jung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
No Production ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Potent Inhibition ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Three new compounds, 4-geranyloxy-2-hydroxy-6-isoprenyloxybenzophenone (1), hypericumone A (2) and hypericumone B (3), were obtained from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii, along with six known compounds (4–9). The structures of these compounds were determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. Hypericumone A (2), sampsonione J (8) and otogirinin A (9) exhibited potent inhibition (IC50 values ≤ 40.32 μM) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation. Otogirinin A (9) possessed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production with IC50 value of 32.87 ± 1.60 μM. The well-known proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was also inhibited by otogirinin A (9). Western blot results demonstrated that otogirinin A (9) downregulated the high expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Further investigations on the mechanism showed that otogirinin A (9) blocked the phosphorylation of MAPK/JNK and IκBα, whereas it showed no effect on the phosphorylation of MAPKs/ERK and p38. In addition, otogirinin A (9) stimulated anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype by elevating the expression of arginase 1 and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). The above results suggested that otogirinin A (9) could be considered as potential compound for further development of NO production-targeted anti-inflammatory agent.

scholarly journals Chemical Profiles and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Essential Oils from Seseli gummiferum and Seseli corymbosum subsp. corymbosum

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601101
Author(s):  
Alev Tosun ◽  
Jaemoo Chun ◽  
Igor Jerković ◽  
Zvonimir Marijanović ◽  
Maurizio A. Fenu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Gene Assay ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils from Seseli corymbosum subsp. corymbosum Pall. ex Sm. (SC) and Seseli gummiferum Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. corymbosum (SG) was investigated for the first time on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The main constituents (determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses) were germacrene D (54.1%) and sabinene (22.4%) in SG oil and β-phellandrene (29.2%), α-phellandrene (8.2%) and germacrene D (2.5%) in SC oil. SC and SG oils inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values of 56.1 and 108.2 μg/mL, respectively. The oils also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with IC50 values of 49.4 μg/mL (SC oil) and 95.5 μg/mL (SG oil). The inhibitory effect of SC and SG oils was accompanied by dose-dependent decreases of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The research of the reporter gene assay on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) showed that SC and SG oils inhibited NF-κB transcriptional activity. The obtained results suggest that SC and SG oils exert the anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by suppressing NF-κB activation.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Herbal Medicines: Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Secretion in an Activated Macrophage-like Cell Line

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunkyue Park ◽  
Susan Kum ◽  
Chuanhua Wang ◽  
Seung Yong Park ◽  
Bo Sook Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
No Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Activated Macrophage ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HC), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer (GU), Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl (FS), and Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJ) are Chinese herbs known to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The effects of aqueous extracts of these herbs on the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were examined in an activated macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Aqueous extracts from FS at 0.0625–2.0 mg/ml inhibited in vitro production of NO and secretion of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. FS at 1.0–2.0 mg/ml and 0.125–2.0 mg/ml significantly inhibited NO production and TNF-α, respectively. An extract of LJ demonstrated potent inhibition of both NO production and TNF-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner. An aqueous extract from HC inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner, but minimally (approximately 30%) inhibited TNF-α secretion at 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/ml. In contrast, an aqueous extract of GU had a minimal effect on both the production of NO and the secretion of TNF-α. Viability of cells at all concentrations studied was unaffected as determined by MTT cytotoxicity assay and trypan blue dye exclusion. These results suggest that aqueous extracts from FS, LJ and HC have anti-inflammatory actions as measured by inhibition of NO production and/or TNF-α secretion.

scholarly journals The anti-inflammatory effects of Indonesian and Japanese bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extracts on interleukin-1β-treated hepatocytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinia Rizqi Dwijayanti ◽  
Tetsuya Okuyama ◽  
Tadayoshi Okumura ◽  
Yukinobu Ikeya ◽  
Mikio Nishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
No Production ◽  
Bitter Melon ◽  
Inos Protein ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), grows in tropical to temperate regions in Asia, including Indonesia and Japan. Bitter melon contains triterpenoids, steroidal glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The green immature fruit of bitter melon is a popular vegetable in Indonesia and Japan and has been used as a traditional Indonesian medicine (Jamu) to treat microbial infections and diabetes mellitus. However, there are currently few reports about the pharmacological effects of the constituents of bitter melon.Objective: To compare the effects of Indonesian and Japanese bitter melon, the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, was monitored.Methods: Immature fruits of bitter melons collected from Indonesia and Japan were lyophilized and extracted with methanol. The resultant extracts were fractionated by hydrophobicity into ethyl acetate-soluble (A), n-butanol-soluble (B), and water-soluble (C) fractions. Primary cultured hepatocytes prepared from rat liver were treated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and each extract or fraction. Nitrite in the medium was measured, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was determined. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the medium was measured to monitor cytotoxicity. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was detected by western blot analysis. The mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Indonesian and Japanese bitter melon extracts (BMEs) suppressed NO production by IL-1β-treated hepatocytes without showing cytotoxicity. The IC50 values of the BMEs were 86 μg/mL (Indonesian) and 171 μg/mL (Japanese). Both BMEs suppressed iNOS protein expression. Fractions A and B of both BMEs suppressed NO production. The IC50 values of the Indonesian BME fractions A and B were comparable to those of Japanese BME. Fraction A of both BMEs decreased the levels of iNOS protein and mRNA, as well as those of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs. Fraction C of both BMEs did not affect NO production.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (A) of Indonesian and Japanese BMEs exhibited a comparable ability to suppress the induction of the iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. These data suggest that hydrophobic constituents in fraction A, such as cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, may be responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effects of bitter melon from Indonesia and Japan.Keywords: Momordica charantia, nitric oxide, inflammation, Jamu, Goya.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Metabolites from the Antarctic Marine-Derived Fungal Strain Penicillium glabrum SF-7123

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Tran Minh Ha ◽  
Dong-Cheol Kim ◽  
Jae Hak Sohn ◽  
Joung Han Yim ◽  
Hyuncheol Oh
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Fungal Strain ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

A chemical investigation of the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium glabrum (SF-7123) revealed a new citromycetin (polyketide) derivative (1) and four known secondary fungal metabolites, i.e, neuchromenin (2), asterric acid (3), myxotrichin C (4), and deoxyfunicone (5). The structures of these metabolites were identified primarily by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data, including NMR and MS data. Results from the initial screening of anti-inflammatory effects showed that 2, 4, and 5 possessed inhibitory activity against the excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, with IC50 values of 2.7 µM, 28.1 µM, and 10.6 µM, respectively. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 also inhibited the excessive production of NO, with IC50 values of 4.7 µM, 41.5 µM, and 40.1 µM, respectively, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, these compounds inhibited LPS-induced overproduction of prostaglandin E2 in both cellular models. Further investigation of the most active compound (2) revealed that these anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a suppressive effect on the over-expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Finally, we showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of compound 2 were mediated via the downregulation of inflammation-related pathways such as those dependent on nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in LPS-stimulated BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. In the evaluation of the inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) activity, compound 4 was identified as a noncompetitive inhibitor of PTP1B, with an IC50 value of 19.2 µM, and compound 5 was shown to inhibit the activity of PTP1B, with an IC50 value of 24.3 µM, by binding to the active site of the enzyme. Taken together, this study demonstrates the potential value of marine-derived fungal isolates as a bioresource for bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Constituents Isolated from the Leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralansis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities on LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyao Wang ◽  
Kaixue Zhang ◽  
Shu Han ◽  
Liu Zhang ◽  
Haiying Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
No Production ◽  
Chinese Medicines ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Anti Hiv

Licorice, the root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralansis Fisch, is one of the most frequently used Traditional Chinese Medicines in rigorous clinical trials to remove toxins and sputum, and to relieve coughing. However, the aerial parts are not used so widely at present. It has been reported that the aerial parts have many bioactivities such as anti-microbial and anti-HIV activities. In this study, we aimed to discover the bioactive compounds from the leaves of G. uralensis. Four new compounds, licostilbene A-B (1–2) and licofuranol A-B (3–4), together with eight known flavonoids (5–12), were isolated and identified from the leaves of G. uralensis. Their structures were elucidated mainly by the interpretation of high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. Compared with quercetin, which showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 4.08 μg/mL, compounds 1–9 showed significant anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production with IC50 values of 2.60, 2.15, 3.21, 3.25, 2.00, 3.45, 2.53, 3.13 and 3.17 μg/mL, respectively. The discovery of these active compounds is important for the prevention and treatment of inflammation.

scholarly journals Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Hawaiian Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Juice

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4968
Author(s):  
Dahae Lee ◽  
Jae Sik Yu ◽  
Peng Huang ◽  
Mallique Qader ◽  
Arulmani Manavalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
No Production ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit juice has been used in Polynesia as a traditional folk medicine and is very popular worldwide as a functional food supplement. In this study, compounds present in Hawaiian Noni fruit juice, with anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were identified. Five compounds were isolated using a bioassay-driven technique and phytochemical analysis of noni fruit juice: asperulosidic acid (1), rutin (2), nonioside A (3), (2E,4E,7Z)-deca-2,4,7-trienoate-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), and tricetin (5). The structures of these five compounds were determined via NMR spectroscopy and LC/MS. In an anti-inflammatory assay, compounds 1–5 inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is a proinflammatory mediator, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1–5 were investigated. Parallel to the inhibition of NO production, treatment with compounds 1–5 downregulated the expression of IKKα/β, I-κBα, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with compounds 1–5 downregulated the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, these data demonstrated that compounds 1–5 present in noni fruit juice, exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity; these active compounds may contribute preventively and therapeutically against inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activity of β-thymosin Peptide Derived from Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on NO and PGE2 Production by Down-Regulating NF-κB in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dukhyun Hwang ◽  
Min-jae Kang ◽  
Mi Jo ◽  
Yong Seo ◽  
Nam Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Pge2 Production ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
No Production ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophage

β-thymosin is known for having 43 amino acids, being water-soluble, having a light molecular weight and ubiquitous polypeptide. The biological activities of β-thymosin are diverse and include the promotion of wound healing, reduction of inflammation, differentiation of T cells and inhibition of apoptosis. Our previous studies showed that oyster β-thymosin originated from the mantle of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas and had antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of oyster β-thymosin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells using human β-thymosin as a control. Oyster β-thymosin inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production as much as human β-thymosin in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. It also showed that oyster β-thymosin suppressed the expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, oyster β-thymosin reduced inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Oyster β-thymosin also suppressed the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and degradation of inhibitory κB (IκB) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that oyster β-thymosin, which is derived from the mantle of the Pacific oyster, has as much anti-inflammatory effects as human β-thymosin. Additionally, oyster β-thymosin suppressed NO production, PGE2 production and inflammatory cytokines expression via NF-κB in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

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