scholarly journals Result interpretation of experimental calibration for milk citric acid determination via infra-red spectroscopy (MIR-FT)

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Irena Hulová ◽  
Václava Genčurová ◽  
Ladislav Štolc ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Photometric Method ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Experimental Calibration ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Set Up

Citric acid (KC) in milk is indicator of cow energy metabolism. Milk laboratories set up KC determination. A method can be infra-red analyse (MIR-FT). The goal was to develop a relevant method for reference sample preparation for MIR-FT (indirect method, Lactoscope FTIR and MilkoScan FT 6000) calibration. As reference was used a photometric method (c; 428 nm). KC was added (n = 3) into some re­fe­ren­ce milk samples (n = 10, bulk milk). Mean value was 9.220 ± 3.094 mmol . l−1with variation range from 6.206 to 15.975 mmol . l−1. Recovery c was from 100.8 to 120.2 %. Correlation between c and ­MIR-FT were from 0.979 to 0.992 (P < 0.001). These were lower in the set of native milk samples (n = 7), from 0.751 (Lactoscope FTIR; P < 0.05) to 0.947 (MilkoScan FT 6000; P < 0.001) in comparison to original va­lues from 0.981 to 0.992 (n = 10; P < 0.001). Correlations between calibrated MIR-FT instruments were from 0.958 to 1.0 (P < 0.001). Average recovery for instruments (n = 12) was 101.6 ± 18.1 %. The mean differences between c method and MIR-FT after calibration (n = 4) moved from −0.001 across zero to 0.037 %. Standard deviation of differences was from 0.0074 to 0.0187 % at MilkoScan FT 6000 and from 0.0105 to 0.0117 % for Lactoscope FTIR. Relative variability of differences (MIR-F (filter technology) and FT) for major components fat (T), proteins (B) and lactose (L) in total and minor components KC and free fatty acids (VMK) was estimated to 1.0 and 7.2 and 34.4 %. The KC result is inferior than T, B and L superior than VMK. Autocorrelation (0.042; P > 0.05) of results demonstrated the in­de­pen­den­ce of consecutive measurements. Milk preservation effect amounted 0.2323 (P < 0.001) with bronopol and 0.0339 (P > 0.05) mmol . l−1with dichromate. It was (3.0 and 0.44 %) practically negligible, redeemable via relevant calibration. The results of proficiency testing in post-calibration period and evaluation of double transport stress effect samples (difference was −0.006 ± 0.071 mmol . l−1(P > 0.05)) demonstrated the useability for central calibration system. Milk KC results of MIR-FT calibration were good and can be suitable for practical screening.

scholarly journals Validation of modified milk reference sample in terms of its suitability for infra-red analysis calibration via evaluation of physical properties

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Václava Genčurová ◽  
Tomáš Kopec ◽  
Tao Yong ◽  
Libor Janů
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Calibration Samples ◽  
Sc Addition ◽  
Main Components

Routine milk analyses using the efficient indirect infra-red method are important for the milk food chain quality. The reliability of the results depends on the calibration quality. It is important to use a relevant set of reference calibration samples (RCSs). RCSs with right range of values can be prepared using various methods. This paper was aimed to balance the impacts of dilution for decrease of main components in RCSs because of minimal change of matrix interference effects. Cow milk samples (MSs) were diluted (4/1) using distilled water, NaCl solution and a solution with specific composition (SC; because of disturbance in the balance of the milk matrix (NaCl 1.145; KCl 0.849; K2HPO4 1.8463; citric acid 1.7; urea 0.3 g / l)) for reduction in main milk components. Fat (F), crude protein (CP), lactose (L), milk freezing point (MFP), osmolality (OS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in all (original as well as modified) MSs. The lowest MFP and OS were in the original milk −0.5559 °C and 274.5 mOsmol/kg. The MFP was increased to −0.4369 °C and osmolality decreased to 217.83 ­mOsmol/kg by the addition of water. The MFP was decreased (−0.4903 °C) and returned to original milk value by the addition of NaCl solutin. MFP was −0.4788 °C due to SC addition. The decrease was less than for NaCl. The ability of other SC components (K2HPO4, KCl, citric acid and urea) to MFP decrease is less than for NaCl solution. EC was highest for NaCl set 4.69 mS / cm, EC for SC was 4.48 mS / cm (P < 0.001). The original MSs set showed EC 4.27 mS / cm. The SC was the nearest to original MSs in terms of total mineral composition. ECs for both modifications differed (P < 0.001) from original MSs. The procedure is applicable for balance of interference effects of milk matrix because of relevant calibration.

Study the Relative Permeability of Ferrofluid with the Mean Value Analysis of Experimental Apparent Gravity

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 533-536
Author(s):  
Je Ee Ho
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Magnetic Characteristic ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Set Up

Relative permeability is an important magnetic characteristic for ferrofluid to exhibit its magnetized potential during the magnetization process. To understand above physical property varying with field intensity, a popular analytic model, based on Langevin theory, has been usually considered and widely used. Unfortunately, an implicit model, derived from above hypothesis, for solving the instantaneous magnetization of ferro-particle will be carried out unless the determination of saturated magnetization should be conducted in advance. Just for the study dealing with magnetic property of testing ferro-sample is concerned, the previous acquisition of magnetization curve is impossible and unpractical without the precise measurement of magnetization-degree. On the other hand, required experimental expense is still so costly that it seems to be unaffordable for general laboratory. Thus a self-designed electromagnetic mechanism with special facility of smaller size, economical cost and efficient operation to quantify the reduced gravity of ferro-sample attracts our interest and is set up in this study. Meantime, an auxiliary numerical method, Newton interpolatory divided-difference formulas in trapezoidal rule, involved in this study successfully avoids the essentiality of saturated magnetization determined previously, and which also provides a numerical approximation through the weight loss of ferrofluid experienced by the designed experimental system. As compared with the result measured by VSM (vibration sample magnetometer) method, the estimated profile shows an excellent agreement except the extraordinary outcome occurring at B=6 mT, where a drastic increase of relative permeability will be evaluated due to the faster magnetization starts.

Large Displacement Analysis of Rectangular Orthotropic Membranes Under Stochastic Impact Loading

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 1640007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou-Lian Zheng ◽  
Fa-Ming Lu ◽  
Xiao-Ting He ◽  
Jun-Yi Sun ◽  
Chuan-Xi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Loading ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Displacement Response ◽  
Governing Differential Equation ◽  
Set Up

This paper studies the calculation method about the displacement response mean function of rectangular orthotropic membranes with four edges fixed under stochastic impact loading. We set up the nonlinear stochastic governing differential equation, solve it according to the perturbation method and the random vibration theory and obtain the displacement response mean value function of the membrane surface. Furthermore, this paper makes a random simulation test for ZZF membrane material which is commonly applied in the membrane structural engineering and obtains abundant deflection response sample curves about the feature points of the membrane surface. For sample curves statistical analysis at some fixed time, sample means can be obtained, which verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation method. The calculation method provides a theoretical basis for vibration control of building membrane structures to control the occurrence of natural disasters.

scholarly journals Prostaglandin E2 sensitizes the cough reflex centrally via EP3 receptor-dependent activation of NaV 1.8 channels

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Shaimaa A. Al-Kandery ◽  
Muddanna S. Rao ◽  
Ahmed Z. El-Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Cough Reflex ◽  
Trpv1 Antagonist ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Ep3 Receptor

Abstract Background Cough hypersensitivity is a major characteristic feature associated with several types of cough, including chronic cough, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have been implicated in both peripheral induction and sensitization of the cough reflex. In this study, using a conscious guinea pig model of cough, we investigated whether PGE2 can sensitize the cough reflex via central actions and, if so, via which mechanisms. Methods All drugs were administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route and whole-body plethysmograph set-up was used for both induction, using aerosolized citric acid (0.2 M), and recording of cough. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the expression of NaV 1.8 channels in the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS). Results We show that both PGE2 and the non-selective EP1/EP3 agonist, sulprostone, dose-dependently enhanced the citric acid-induced cough (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.01, respectively). Pretreatment with the EP1 antagonist, ONO-8130, did not affect the sulprostone-induced cough sensitization, whilst the EP3 antagonist, L-798,106, dose-dependently inhibited this effect (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with either the EP2 agonist, butaprost or the EP4 agonist, L-902,688, had no effect on cough sensitization. Additionally, pretreatment with either the TRPV1 antagonist, JNJ-17203212 or the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031, alone or in combination, nor with the NaV 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 channel blocker, tetrodotoxin, had any effect on the cough. In contrast, pretreatment with the NaV 1.8 antagonist, A-803467, dose-dependently inhibited this effect (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, NaV 1.8 channels were shown to be expressed in the nTS. Conclusion Collectively, our findings show that PGE2 sensitizes the cough reflex centrally via EP3 receptor-dependent activation of NaV 1.8 but independently of TRPV1,TRPA1 and TTX-sensitive sodium channel activation. These results indicate that PGE2 plays an important role in central sensitization of the cough reflex and suggest that central EP3 receptors and/or NaVv 1.8 channels may represent novel antitussive molecular targets. Graphical Abstract

The influence of climatic conditions on physiological and behavioural parameters in dairy cows kept in open stables

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zähner ◽  
L. Schrader ◽  
R. Hauser ◽  
M. Keck ◽  
W. Langhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Night And Day

AbstractThis study aimed to assess whether cows are able to cope with the range of climatic conditions they are exposed to in open stables on commercial farms in central Europe. On each of four farms, ten lactating cows were observed over a total of five weeks in winter, spring and summer. Based on continuous measurements of air temperature (–13·8 to 28·7ºC) and relative air humidity (0·26 to 0·99), a mean value of a temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated for each farm and each observation day for night and day.THI had significant effects on skin temperature and body surface temperature (infra-red thermography) both during night and day. Rectal temperature, duration of lying and cortisol concentration in the milk was significantly affected by THI during the day but not during the night. Heart rate and frequency of lying did not significantly covary with THI. Differences between farms and interactions between THI and farm were significant for most parameters. These results suggest that the climatic conditions during the day induced stronger thermoregulatory responses than the conditions during the night. Within the measured range of climatic conditions the cows were hardly exposed to severe cold or heat stress.

scholarly journals Multiaxial fatigue life estimation in low-cycle fatigue regime including the mean stress effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 16002
Author(s):  
Daniela Scorza ◽  
Andrea Carpinteri ◽  
Giovanni Fortese ◽  
Camilla Ronchei ◽  
Sabrina Vantadori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Equivalent Strain ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Multiaxial Fatigue ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Mean Stress Effect

The goal of the present paper is to discuss the reliability of a strain-based multiaxial Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF) criterion in estimating the fatigue lifetime of metallic structural components subjected to multiaxial sinusoidal loading with zero and non-zero mean value. Since it is well-known that a tensile mean normal stress reduces the fatigue life of structural components, three different models available in the literature are implemented in the present criterion in order to take into account the above mean stress effect. In particular, such a criterion is formulated in terms of strains by employing the displacement components acting on the critical plane and, then, by defining an equivalent strain related to such a plane. The Morrow model, the Smith-Watson-Topper model and the Manson-Halford model are applied to define such an equivalent strain. The effectiveness of the new formulations is evaluated through comparison with some experimental data reported in the literature, related to biaxial fatigue tests performed on metallic specimens under in-and out-of-phase loadings characterised by non-zero mean stress values.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

scholarly journals Studies in the infra-red region of the spectrum. Part II.—Calibration of prism spectrometer; General procedure; and preparation of pure ammonia, phosphine and arsine

1928 ◽  
Vol 120 (784) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Procedure ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Screw Thread ◽  
Plane Mirror ◽  
Temperature Reading ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Centre Of Rotation ◽  
Angle Of Rotation

The instrument used was a No. 2 Hilger infra-red spectrometer fitted with a "wave-length drum." It soon became evident that the wave-length drum required calibration on account of the chance of periodic errors in the screw thread. If the screw remains constant, it would be better to have the drum marked in angles which could be referred to the refractive indices of the material of the respective prisms used. As any one prism varies in the refractive index with temperature, reading of wave-length on a wave-length drum can be accurate only for one temperature. A plane mirror was mounted vertically at the centre of rotation of the prism table and an illuminated scale set up parallel to it exactly 5 metres away. The image of the scale in the mirror was observed by means of a fixed telescope with cross wires in the eyepiece. Zero was taken as 0∙5893 on the drum, which was set successively on about 80 of its graduation marks and the scale image coinciding with the cross wires noted for each setting. The displacement of the image in millimetres in each case was thus observed, and as the distance from the scale of rotation and thence the angle itself was obtained within 2 seconds of arc. Three observers agreed closely in their observations, from which a curve was drawn connecting drum calibration marks with angle of rotation (first graph).

scholarly journals Analysis of socioeconomic gradients in the development of children aged 0–3 years in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Florencia Lopez Boo ◽  
Mayaris Cubides Mateus ◽  
Suzanne Duryea
Keyword(s):  
Home Environment ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradients ◽  
Administrative Record ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Pearson Correlations

OBJECTIVE: To identify the socioeconomic gradients in the measures of development and wellbeing of children under three years of age in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: We compiled information using a socioeconomic survey instrument, collecting anthropometric measurements, observing the home environment, and applying the Denver Test II to 2,755 children aged between zero and 28 months who are potential beneficiaries of the Cresça com Seu Filho program in Fortaleza. These children were randomly selected from a universe identified from the administrative record of the Cadastro Único of the Ministry of Social Development of Brazil. For the analysis, we reported descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and mean differences. RESULTS: Rates of chronic malnutrition and overweight were 7.0%. The results of the Denver II test indicated that personal social (23%) and language (20%) are the domains in which children have the highest developmental delay, when compared with the international reference sample. Parental practices measured by two sub-scales of the Home Observation of the Environment Inventory were poor, with only 14.0% of families having two or more books in the home and 35.0% of the households reporting having spanked their child in the past three days. CONCLUSIONS: We identified clear socioeconomic gradients in the anthropometric indicators, parenting practices, and the Denver Test II (especially in the language domain). Children from poorer households, as well as children of mothers with lower education levels, perform poorly on most measures.

scholarly journals Investigating the Relationships between Basic Tastes Sensitivities, Fattiness Sensitivity, and Food Liking in 11-Year-Old Children

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Ervina Ervina ◽  
Ingunn Berget ◽  
Valérie L. Almli
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Fatty Food ◽  
Food Liking

This study investigates the relationships between basic tastes and fattiness sensitivity and food liking in 11-year-old children. The basic taste sensitivity of 106 children was measured using different methods, namely detection (DT) and recognition (RT) thresholds, and taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine (bitter), sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), sodium chloride (salty), and monosodium glutamate (umami) were investigated for DT and RT at five concentrations in water solutions. In addition, taste responsiveness and liking were collected for the high-intensity concentrations. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) responsiveness was tested on paper strips. Fattiness sensitivity was measured by a paired comparison method using milk samples with varying fat content. Liking for 30 food items was recorded using a food-list questionnaire. The test was completed in a gamified “taste detective” approach. The results show that DT correlates with RT for all tastes while responsiveness to PROP correlates with overall taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine differ in bitterness responsiveness and liking. Girls have significantly lower DTs than boys for bitterness and sweetness. Food liking is driven by taste and fattiness properties, while fatty food liking is significantly influenced by fattiness sensitivity. These results contribute to a better holistic understanding of taste and fattiness sensitivity in connection to food liking in preadolescents.

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