The State in National and International Commerce

2018 ◽  
pp. 158-183
Author(s):  
Francisco Vidal Luna ◽  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
State Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

How the state economy was integrated into the world market is the basic question analyzed in this chapter. The rise of Santos as an international port is a key concern, as well as the impact of steamship arrivals and their role as importers of labor and goods and exporters of coffee. The nature of the state’s international trade is examined in the 20th century. Also studied is the emergence of airplanes, automobiles, and trucks as a new transport within the state along with the impact and growth of the telegraph and the telephone.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME TRADE IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-91
Author(s):  
Veronika Shcherbyna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
The Impact

International trade is influenced by many factors: the development and deepening of the labor international division and the production internationalization; trade growth and economic integration with the common markets formation, free trade zones; international trade liberalization, reduction of the level of protectionism and trade barriers. The very first form of international trade was sea trade, since one of the oldest modes of transport is sea transport, which still retains its primacy in cargo transportation. Sea trade is a form of international economic relations, international trade in goods, the delivery of which is carried out using sea transport.The article examines the current state and trends in the maritime trade deve-lopment, identifies the main problems of the maritime industry and the risks that threaten the development of maritime trade in a pandemic, analyzes the prospects for the deve-lopment of trade with the participation of maritime transport in the world and in Ukraine.Trade tensions have triggered a restructuring of global maritime trade, as the search for alternative markets and suppliers has redirected flows from China to other markets, especially in Southeast Asia. UNCTAD experts note that the impact of COVID-19 on trade was most severe in the first half of 2020, when trade volumes fell by 15 %. But many countries never recovered by the end of the year. On the other hand, some states were able to successfully withstand new challenges and achieved an increase in their share in the world market, displacing from it the least competitive suppliers, which suffered as a result of reduced demand. The analysis showed that the structure of Ukraine's maritime trade was quite resistant to the emergence of coronavirus. And the significant share of agricultural products in production and exports is a confirmation of this fact. For the development of Ukraine's maritime trade and integration into the world economic system, it is necessary to develop and implement the capabilities of the national maritime economic complex, to protect the interests of Ukraine as a maritime power in the foreign policy and foreign economic spheres.Keywords: maritime trade, COVID-19 pandemic, export, import, maritime policy.

scholarly journals The Construction of Brazilian Fashion as a Global Discourse: “Resolving” Difference Without Overcoming Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Miqueli Michetti
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
Single Identity ◽  
Sociological Discourse

Abstract: the article analyses the construction of “Brazilian fashion” as a global discourse in the world market of symbolic goods. After examine the building of the Brazilian national identity from the early to mid-20th Century, we analyze the discursive current updates of this identity in terms of diversity. Through sociological discourse analysis of the fashion field, we investigate the making of this discourse as a social truth. The comparative approach shows that we are in face of two distinct ways of coping with difference and setting up identity and otherness. In one of them, the State was the key player attempting to assimilate the differences into a single identity. In the other, the State plays a supporting role and there is the Market and its attempts to produce difference as a merchandise. In the former, equality tended to mask differences and in the latter, the differences tend to mask the inequalities. A Construção da Moda Brasileira como Discurso Global: "Resolver" a Diferença Sem Superar a Desigualdade Resumo: o artigo analisa a construção da “moda brasileira” enquanto um discurso global no mercado mundial de bens simbólicos. Depois de examinar a construção da identidade nacional brasileira do início ao meio do século XX, analisamos as recentes atualizações discursivas dessa identidade em termos de diversidade. Através da análise do discurso sociológico do campo da moda, investigamos a realização deste discurso como uma verdade social. A abordagem comparativa mostra que estamos diante de duas maneiras distintas de lidar com a diferença e configurar identidade e alteridade. Em um deles, o Estado era o agente principal, tentando assimilar as diferenças em uma única identidade. No outro, o Estado desempenha um papel de apoio e existe o Mercado e suas tentativas de produzir a diferença como mercadoria. No primeiro, a igualdade tende a mascarar diferenças e, no segundo, as diferenças tendem a mascarar as desigualdades.

scholarly journals International trade and uneven distribution of income

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
General Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The turbulent events of the last quarter of the 20th century (the collapse of the socialist system and the transition of the post-socialist countries to a market economy, China's accession to the world market and the successive trends of trade liberalization in a number of countries) do not doubt that trade and technology play an important role in changing the structure of production and wages throughout the world. At the beginning of the 20th century globalization tendencies were transformed into a deglobalization. This was partially due to the fact that growth of international trade did not properly contribute to the welfare of people and the mitigation of income polarization as it was expected to. Although, there is no doubt that trade and technology have played an important role in the change of production structure and salaries around the world. The subject of research in the article are the main causes and consequences of the polarization of income in the world economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of the growth of international trade on human well-being and reduction of income polarization.The main objective of the study is to analyze the dynamics of income distribution in the world in the context of the expansion of international trade. The article uses general scientific methods: system analysis - to determine the features of the development of international trade, a method of scientific abstraction that allows to present the general nature of the uneven distribution of income in the world economy and to make assumptions about the expected future through extrapolating data. Results: Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the change in the basic indicators of income distribution, the problem aspects of the impact of international trade on the polarization of the world population's incomes are revealed.Conclusion:According to studies,economic growth rates deepened inequality between countries, as some have learned to benefit from new opportunities better than others. Moreover, it turned out that trade is affecting the labor market disproportionately even within one country.

scholarly journals International marketing as an effective tool of increasing enterprise competitiveness

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
О.В. Птащенко ◽  
О.Г. Зима ◽  
К.С. Костіна ◽  
М.В. Лаврінченко
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The main features of international marketing as a tool to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise are considered in the article. Crisis phenomena of today's economy, long reforms of national production, the formation of a new information society and the emergence of information processes in the economy have led to the fact that future economic growth becomes possible only if the introduction and coordination of modern marketing and management tools for fuller implementation of foreign economic relations of the state, accurate consideration of production needs for domestic and foreign sales, coordination of export opportunities and import needs, providing for the production of competitive products, strengthening the impact on the international division of labor, international specialization and internationalization of production and, consequently, improving foreign economic activity . Thus, the development of marketing of international production and the movement of entrepreneurial capital cause uneven growth of economic potential of individual countries and regions. The transfer of production to certain countries leads to the fact that the shares of different groups of countries in the location of world industry do not coincide. Competition between TNCs distorts the system of international relations between the world economy. International marketing of exports and imports are two barter transactions, through which each country is organically connected with the external environment. These are components of the reproduction process, which must pass through foreign trade in order to ensure the stable creation, distribution and consumption of national GDP. The effect of international marketing of barter transactions or another country can get based on the scale of production. Foreign trade may not necessarily be mutually beneficial for all actors in the world market. Reproductive openness of the country when using international marketing depends on the availability of natural resources in the country - energy resources, raw materials for industry, food for the population. The level of reproductive openness of the state is higher, the higher the level of its technical and economic development and the smaller the value of its GDP and the availability of its own natural resources.

Paulista Agriculture, 1899–1950

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-131
Author(s):  
Francisco Vidal Luna ◽  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Government ◽  
World Market ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Market Signals ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

The growth of this powerful state government to 1930 would be crucial to the survival of São Paulo agriculture in the next half century. The secular growth of the coffee economy up to the end of the 19th century was spectacular. But the constant incorporation of ever more virgin lands into this coffee economy created problems of overproduction as the state alone produced more coffee than the world market could consume. The paulista planters had difficulty responding to these market signals and in the end required significant assistance from the new state government to control crop output. This direct intervention of both the state and federal governments in the coffee economy, defines paulista agriculture in the 20th century.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MARKET OF SERVICES IN TURBULENCE CONDITIONS AND CHANGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larysa Nosach ◽  
◽  
Victoria Morgun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World

The author's research of the current state and features of the development of the world market for services in conditions of turbulence of world processes was carried; the world leaders of the service sector in the global dimension and leaders of the most dynamic articles of service categories were identified; the share of world exports of services by countries by the level of their economic development was justified; weaknesses in the assessment of indicators of international trade in services were identified; the research is based on UNCTAD statistics.

Review of the state of the world market of drons and their application for agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Shevchenko ◽  
Andrey Migachev
Keyword(s):  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
The World

Changing Composition and Growth Performance of Services Sector in India after Liberalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 432-436
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
World Market ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
State Economy ◽  
The World

This present study makes an analysis of changing contribution of sub-sector and composition and growth performance in Indian economy. In addition to that, the contribution of sub-sector of service sector in state economy. The results revealed that the growth rate of Chandigarh was high due to providing especial emphasis on dominating sub-sectors of services and its most preferred destination for technology whereas, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh due to geographical and environmental conditions development were higher in floriculture and agriculture, although, tourism emerged as a new profession and have different opportunities. Apart of that, in the wake of some challenges in the form of lack of infrastructure, recent crisis in the world market, foreign direct investment (FDI) restrictions and outsourcing backlash were major limiting factor.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of delaying vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 assuming unlimited vaccine supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
Dimas Tadeu Covas ◽  
Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho ◽  
Raymundo Soares Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background At the moment we have more than 177 million cases and 3.8 million deaths (as of June 2021) around the world and vaccination represents the only hope to control the pandemic. Imperfections in planning vaccine acquisition and difficulties in implementing distribution among the population, however, have hampered the control of the virus so far. Methods We propose a new mathematical model to estimate the impact of vaccination delay against the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the number of cases and deaths due to the disease in Brazil. We apply the model to Brazil as a whole and to the State of Sao Paulo, the most affected by COVID-19 in Brazil. We simulated the model for the populations of the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole, varying the scenarios related to vaccine efficacy and compliance from the populations. Results The model projects that, in the absence of vaccination, almost 170 thousand deaths and more than 350 thousand deaths will occur by the end of 2021 for Sao Paulo and Brazil, respectively. If in contrast, Sao Paulo and Brazil had enough vaccine supply and so started a vaccination campaign in January with the maximum vaccination rate, compliance and efficacy, they could have averted more than 112 thousand deaths and 127 thousand deaths, respectively. In addition, for each month of delay the number of deaths increases monotonically in a logarithmic fashion, for both the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole. Conclusions Our model shows that the current delay in the vaccination schedules that is observed in many countries has serious consequences in terms of mortality by the disease and should serve as an alert to health authorities to speed the process up such that the highest number of people to be immunized is reached in the shortest period of time.

scholarly journals UKRAINEON THE WORLD MARKET OF LEATHER MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-32
Author(s):  
BONDARIEVA Anna ◽  
ZHALDAK Maryna ◽  
MOKROUSOVA Olena
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Trade Activity ◽  
Grain Surface

Background. The problem of stable activity of domestic producers, in particular in the production of leather and footwear, is exacerbated by increasing global competition along with the loss of significant share of domestic and foreign markets. The regulating of the development of industrial production, domestic and foreign markets for light industry products is one of the most important tasks of the state today. Therefore, the assessment of the state of Ukraine’s foreign trade in the leather and leathermaterials market is important component for forecasting andshaping the development of domestic leather manufacturing. The aim of the work is to analyze the dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade on the leather materials market and to establish key directions for thedevelopment of Ukraine’s leather industry to increase the competitiveness of domestic products in an international environment. Materials and methods. Methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and gene­ra­lization are used for work. Statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, customs statistics of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, as well as data from the Inter­national Trade Center are used to study the leather market of various finishing methods in the world. Results. The analysis of foreign trade activities of the leather materials market showed that leather, additionally processed after tanning, significantly exceeds exports in imports, while tanned leather without processing in exports is ten times higher than im­ports. The analysis of world trade indicators determined that leather with a natural full grain surface is characterized by the greatest competitiveness against polished leather withan artificial grain surface. According to the indicators of foreign trade activity, Ukraine ranks third among the countries – leaders in world imports of leather with a natural full grain surface configuration in the form of halves. According to this commodity position, Ukraine ranks 13th in world exports. Conclusion. The analysis of Ukraine’s foreign trade on the leather materials mar­ket revealed the need of forming commodity and technological specializations of the domestic leather industry in accordance with the production of leather with a natural full grain surface from cowhides as the most competitive product in the international environment.

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