Manipulating Globalization

Author(s):  
Ling Chen

The era of globalization saw China emerge as the world’s manufacturing titan. However, the “made in China” model—with its reliance on cheap labor and thin profits—has begun to wane. Beginning in the 2000s, the Chinese state shifted from attracting foreign investment to promoting technological competitiveness of domestic firms. This shift, however, caused tensions between winners and losers, leading local bureaucrats to compete for resources in government budget, funding, and tax breaks. While bureaucrats successfully built coalitions to motivate businesses to upgrade in some cities, in others, vested interests within the government deprived businesses of developmental resources and left them in a desperate race to the bottom. In Manipulating Globalization, Ling Chen argues that the roots of coalitional variation lie in the type of foreign firms with which local governments forged alliances. Cities that initially attracted large global firms with a significant share of exports were more likely to experience manipulation from vested interests down the road compared to those that attracted smaller foreign firms. The book develops the argument with in-depth interviews and tests it with quantitative data across hundreds of Chinese cities and thousands of firms. Chen advances a new theory of economic policies in authoritarian regimes and informs debates about the nature of Chinese capitalism. Her findings also shed light on state-led development and coalition formation in other emerging economies that comprise the new “globalized” generation.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-221
Author(s):  
Nikolai Mouraviev

Abstract Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are a relatively new phenomenon in Kazakh-stan – their development began in 2005 in the transport and energy sectors. Initially sluggish growth transformed into rapid PPP deployment from 2016 to 2019 when hundreds of PPPs were launched in many industries (infrastructure, hospitals, schools), which was in sharp contrast to just a handful of PPPs formed prior to 2016. Rapid PPP deployment raised deep concerns whether the government’s supporting schemes and PPP launch procedures are appropriate and whether they may backfire for the government in the form of increasing debt. This paper aims to investigate the enablers and implications of accelerated PPP formation. The study is based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with a range of actors in the field, including PPP operators (railroad, energy company, kindergarten), regional and local governments, national and regional PPP centres, lawyers and private investors, which afforded an opportunity to mitigate bias in opinions. The study has identified three principal enablers: simplified procedures for a PPP launch, pressure exerted on regional governments, and extensive government financial support to PPPs. By making use of agency theory, property rights theory and the value-for-money concept, the paper offers a conceptualisation of rapid PPP growth in Kazakhstan in recent years and argues that growth was disproportionally fast and unintended. Policy implications include a need to re-establish the value-for-money approach to PPP formation, a significant increase in government liabilities to PPPs, and a misconception regarding the role of PPP collaborative governance.


2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ans Kolk ◽  
Stephen Tsang

This article explores how the institutional context, including central and local governments, has co-evolved with business in relation to small cars and sustainability. This issue is very relevant for business and society in view of the environmental implications of the rapidly growing vehicle fleet in China, the economic importance attached to this pillar industry by the government, and citizen interest in owning and driving increasingly larger cars. The interactions between different levels of government, and with business (both domestic and foreign-invested) in countries with a large role for the state is a novel area of study in the business-society area and a complex one given the multitude of objectives and interests involved in industry competitiveness, economic development, energy security, and sustainability. The article shows that the central government has adopted policies to further the production and use of small cars, which it perceives as serving environmental, economic, and social goals. Concurrently, however, many local governments imposed restrictions on small cars and have, implicitly or explicitly, favored larger cars. There seems to be a clear linkage to municipal ownership of those domestic automobile companies which, via joint ventures with foreign firms, focused more on larger cars. By adopting a co-evolutionary approach focused on macro-level interactions, the case helps to shed some more light on concrete sustainability challenges, and broader government–business interactions in a highly institutionalized setting, contributing insights on issues that have remained underexposed in business and society research.


1960 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Jerome Ch'ên

The third Congress of China's Literary and Art Workers, the first since the Hundred Flowers Campaign, was held in Peking from July 22 to August 13 “to review and assess” the literary and artistic achievements in the years between 1953 and 1960, “summarise and exchange experience, further define the road of development of socialist art and literature, and consider the tasks to be faced in the coming years.” The presence of Liu Shao-ch'i, Chou En-lai, and other political leaders and the large space which thePeople's Dailydevoted to the meeting indicated its importance. Of the 2,300 delegates there were professionals and amateurs working in local governments and the services and from them a praesidium of over 180 members was elected before the long speeches on the opening day began. Kuo Mo-jo, as the President of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, first spoke a few words of welcome and then went on to outline the circumstances under which the Congress was convoked and the general political lines along which China's art and literature had been and would be developing. These lines were repeated once more, and elaborated, by Lu Ting-yi, Director of the Party's Propaganda Department and Deputy Premier, who represented the Party and the Government, and subsequently they were to be repeated many times over. The third speaker on the opening day to recite them was Chou Yang, Vice-President of the Federation and a Deputy Director of the Party's Propaganda Department, who also laid down six tasks for the Congress.


2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greaty Prilen Humiang ◽  
David P.E. Saerang ◽  
Herman Karamoy

This study aims to determine the readiness of the government of Bitung in implementing accrual-based government accounting standards. Data was collected by observation at every SKPD in Bitung City Government followed in-depth interviews with key informants. The data collected was analyzed by qualitative methods. Then based on interviews (Focus Group Discussion) drawn conclusions indicate that Bitung City Government was ready to apply Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards. This is supported by the Government regulations which require to all local governments, including the city of Bitung in applying Accrual Based Government Accounting Standards, as well as Bitung City Government has issued the relevant mayor Accounting Policies in Bitung. Other things that support the readiness of the implementation of Accrual Based Accounting Standards, namely; development of human resources employee, committed leader who supports the changes later infromasi facilities and infrastructure systems are adequate and can accommodate Accrual Based Accounting Standards.


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Sang-Ho Lee ◽  
Wei Xu

Using firm-level data from Changzhou, a prefectural city in China's Yangzi River Delta, we investigate the performance of both internal and external research and development (R&D) in high-tech firms. We find that, on average, high-tech firms with more internal R&D expenditure apply for more patents in terms of both the total number of patents and the number of invention patents. Internal R&D is most efficient in foreign firms, followed by private firms and then state-owned enterprises. These findings highlight the importance of privatizing high-tech firms in China if the government intends to accelerate industrial upgrading and convert the pattern of “Made in China” into “Created in China.”


Author(s):  
Guntur Eko Saputro ◽  

Non-military defense is structured into a security function for public safety which includes natural disaster management, humanitarian operations, socio-culture, economics, defense psychology, which is basically related to awareness of state defense and technology development. The government's economic policies in facing Covid 19 have an impact on Non-military Defense, especially in the economic sector, including causing prolonged uncertainty so that investment weakens and has implications for the cessation of business in all fields that threaten the nation's disintegration. The research objective is to provide government input on the implementation and strategy of economic policies in dealing with Covid 19. Research using qualitative methods is aimed at understanding social phenomena from the perspective of participants. The results achieved are in accordance with the Policy Implementation theory that the government needs a strategy to prepare a strategy through a professional grand design or map, increased coordination between central and local governments and appropriate economic policy setting, especially budget.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Ramírez-Sáenz ◽  
Juan Martín Gómez-Sánchez ◽  
Jose Luis Ponz Tienda ◽  
Juan Pablo Romero Cortés ◽  
Laura Gutierrez Bucheli

Abstract The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry in Colombia is starting to implement Building Information Modeling (BIM) in their projects but in a much unorganized way. This issue could be attributed to a lack of unique and public BIM standards and guidelines for the implementation along with the inexistent support to the industry from the Government on the road to implementation. The BIM Execution Plan (BEP) is a procedural process that outlines the project’s overall vision with implementation details for the project team to follow throughout the project. In this study, the authors reviewed 20 BEPs searching for the presence of some identified and analyzed subcomponents to determine which documents were more robust. By performing a 27-question survey to understand how different BIM tools affect a BIM implementation, we investigated about the experience of some companies in the industry with five in depth interviews conducted to AEC Colombian professionals. Finally, a presentation of a BEP template that uses the analyzed documents and the identified problems in the interviews, along with an explanation of how was the use of information obtained to develop the new BEP template. Conclusions and recommendations are provided to enhance the BIM implementation in Colombia along with the template and the support files that can also help to develop and integrate future BIM process tools methodologies. Resumen La industria de Arquitectura, Ingeniería y Construcción (AEC) en Colombia está empezando a implementar Building Information Modeling (BIM) en sus proyectos, pero de una manera muy desorganizada. Este problema podría atribuirse a la falta de normas y pautas de carácter unificado y público para la implementación de BIM junto con el apoyo inexistente a la industria por parte del gobierno en el camino hacia dicha implementación. El Plan de ejecución BIM (BEP) es un procedimiento enmarcado en procesos BIM que describe la visión general del proyecto con detalles de implementación para que el equipo siga a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proyecto. En este estudio, los autores revisaron 20 BEPs en busca de la presencia de algunos subcomponentes identificados y analizados para determinar qué documentos eran más robustos. Al realizar una encuesta de 27 preguntas para comprender cómo diferentes herramientas BIM afectan su implementación, investigamos sobre la experiencia de algunas empresas en la industria con cinco entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a profesionales colombianos de AEC. Finalmente, hay una presentación de una plantilla de BEP que se basa en los análisis de los resultados y los problemas identificados en las entrevistas, junto con una explicación de cómo se utilizó la información obtenida para desarrollar la nueva plantilla de BEP. Se presentan conclusiones y recomendaciones para mejorar la implementación de BIM en Colombia, además de una plantilla y los archivos de soporte para que cada empresa que desee desarrollar su propio BEP pueda revisar la información presentada en este documento.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurista Permanasari ◽  
Meda Permana ◽  
Joko Pambudi ◽  
Bunga Christitha Rosha ◽  
Made Dewi Susilawati ◽  
...  

Stunting is one of the nutritional problems faced in the world, including Indonesia. To overcome this problem, the government conducted a program to accelerate stunting prevention in 100 priority districts / cities through specific and sensitive nutrition interventions including health and non-health stakeholders. Interventions are carried out in a convergent manner by aligning various resources to achieve the goal of preventing stunting.The convergence is carried out from the planning, budgeting, implementation, to monitoring stages. The purpose of this study is to analyse the challenges of implementing the convergence of stunting prevention programs that have been running since 2018 by local governments in priority districts / cities based on content, context, process, and actors. The research method is operational research with a research design using a qualitative approach design with in-depth interviews in 13 priority districts/cities. The health policy triangle framework is used as an approach in analyzing the results of this study which consists of content, context, process, and actors. In-depth interview sources are policy makers and program managers to accelerate stunting reduction from province to sub-district and village. The results showed that the challenge in implementing convergence was the existence of sectoral egos in each OPD (stakeholders) because of the socialization was not yet optimal so that many stakeholders did not fully understand the stunting prevention program. Information that was late in being obtained, information cut off from socialization, and difficult demographic conditions in the area where one of the causes in certain areas of the obstruction of socialization. The implementation of convergence that has not been optimal is also due to the ansence operational and technical guidelines for implementing program when the research was conducted so that the regions do not know the steps to carry out these activities. Abstrak Masalah anak pendek (stunting) merupakan salah satu permasalahan gizi yang dihadapi di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan stunting, pemerintah melakukan program percepatan penanggulangan stunting di 100 kabupaten kota prioritas yang melibatkan sektor kesehatan dan non kesehatan melalui intervensi gizi spesifik dan sensitif. Penyelenggaraan intervensi dilakukan secara konvergen dengan menyelaraskan berbagai sumber daya untuk mencapai tujuan pencegahan stunting. Konvergensi dilakukan mulai dari tahap perencanaan, penganggaran, pelaksanaan, sampai monitoring. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tantangan implementasi konvergensi program pencegahan stunting yang telah berjalan sejak tahun 2018 oleh pemerintah daerah pada Kabupaten prioritas berdasarkan konten, konteks, proses, dan aktor. Metode penelitian merupakan operational research dengan desain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode wawancara mendalam di 13 kabupaten prioritas. Kerangka segitiga kebijakan kesehatan digunakan sebagai pendekatan dalam menganalisis hasil penelitian ini yang terdiri dari konten, konteks, proses, dan aktor. Informan wawancara mendalam ialah para pengambil kebijakan dan pengelola program percepatan penurunan stunting dari mulai provinsi sampai kecamatan dan desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tantangan dalam implementasi konvergensi ialah masih adanya ego sektoral pada masingmasing OPD karena masih belum optimalnya sosialisasi sehingga banyak yang belum memahami secara menyeluruh mengenai program pencegahan stunting. Informasi yang terlambat diperoleh, terputusnya informasi dari sosialisasi, serta kondisi demografi wilayah yang sulit menjadi salah satu penyebab pada beberapa daerah tertentu tehadap terhambatnya sosialisasi. Implementasi konvergensi yang belum optimal juga dikarenakan belum diperolehnya juklak dan juknis dalam melaksanakan program saat penelitian dilakukan sehingga daerah belum tahu langkah untuk melakukan kegiatan tersebut.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Wenna Zeng ◽  
Colin Sparks

Political pressure and censorship are unavoidable conditions for producing an entertainment show in Chinese TV. The relationships between a production team and the government are, however, extremely complex. Based on participant observation in a TV channel and in-depth interviews with related television professionals, this article analyses the tensions between production and politics in Chinese television. The article argues that a centralized and top-down model fails to capture all the aspects of power relations in television production. A more productive starting point is that television production necessarily involves negotiation between different participants. This article analyses relations between the production team, the central broadcasting authorities and local governments. The production team in this case study utilized different strategies to negotiate with multiple levels of government.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sonyaruri Satiti

Improving the quality of human resources through education is one of the ways to benefit from the window of opportunity. The Government of Indonesia and many local governments have been conducting programs to provide easier access to education to prevent dropouts. The Local Government of Bojonegoro has been implementing a program called "Ayo Sekolah" to curb dropouts. This paper aims to describe the conditions of education in Bojonegoro District and the implementation of the “Ayo Sekolah” Program in Bojonegoro District. The analysis is based on  the result of research on the program. The research used a quantitative and qualitative approach. Qualitative data is collected through in-depth interviews, while secondary data are used for quantitative analysis. The result of the study shows that the “Ayo Sekolah” Program in Bojonegoro District that has been running since 2015 has significantly reduced dropout rates. The percentage of the drop-off rates for Bojonegoro Regency high school/vocational/MA in 2013-2017 decreased even though only 0.20 percent.


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