scholarly journals The Role of Electrochemistry and Mineralogy in the Geotechnical Behavior of Salinized Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Polivanov ◽  
Emilio Velloso Barroso ◽  
Rian Porto ◽  
Felipe Polivanov Ottoni ◽  
Thayssa Pereira Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Activity Index ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Group Index ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Environment Control

The Atterberg limits are essential information and the first step in soil classification for geotechnical purposes. Established laboratoryprocedures use distilled water in the plasticity and liquid limits determination. However, saline solutions frequently interact with soilsin the construction environment through fluid percolation processes. This work aims to understand the variation of the geotechnicalbehavior of two standard materials with different mineralogical compositions (kaolinitic and smectitic) when affected by NaCl ionicsolutions in different concentrations. The purpose is to simulate different soils in environments with the presence of saline solutions.This paper reports an experimental program in which a kaolinite-rich and a smectite-rich material received NaCl solutions in threedifferent concentrations (0.6 %, 3.5 %, and 15.0 %) and had their Atterberg limits determined under these conditions. Additionally,non-contaminated samples of both materials have had their limits measured using distilled water. Physical characterization testsincluded hygroscopic moisture, grain size distribution, grain density, plastic limit (PL), and liquid limit (LL). These data allowed thedetermination of the Skempton activity index (AI), plasticity index (PI), consistency index (CI), classification of soils in the UnifiedSoil Classification System (USCS), and in the Highway Research Board (HRB) with the group index (GI). Mineralogy was determinedby X-ray diffraction and physical chemistry by measuring pH in H2O and KCl, determining the ΔpH, the point of zero-charge (PZC),and the surface electrical potential (Ψo). The results show that the pH values rise with increasing salinity, while ΔpH, PZC, Ψo, LL,AI, PI, GI decrease with increasing salinity. The PL decreases with the increase in salinity for smectite and increases for kaolinite. TheUSCS and HRB demonstrate that the materials start to behave as fewer plastic materials with increased salinity. It is concluded that thevariations in the physicochemical parameters of the environment control and modify the geotechnical behavior of the fine-grained soils.

scholarly journals Chemical Compound of Terminalia Catappa L. as Hemostatic Agents in Post Tooth Extraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Sirat ◽  
Asep Arifin Senjaya
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Herbal Plants

Terminalia catappa L. is one of the herbal plants that contain flavonoids that play a role in wound healing including to bleeding after tooth extraction. The aim of our study was to identify the chemical compounds contained in Terminalia catappa L. leaves. This type of research was experimental. The sample in this study was the leaves of Terminalia catappa number 3-6 from the base, at a tree height of 6 meters picked as much as 6 kilograms. Data analysis qualitatively and quantitatively. The highest content in ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L of saponins and alkaloids were fractioned with distilled water and the lowest content were fractioned with hexane. Meanwhile distilled water is also used to fractioned the highest content of tannins and phenol. While ethyl acetate was used to fractioned the lowest content of tannins and the highest content of flavonoid. The lowest flavonoid in distilled water extract was fractioned using hexane. For the lowest content of phenol was fractioned using hexane. The results show the highest content of saponins is 3,787.80 mg/100g, the lowest is 166.67 mg/100g. The highest content of Alkaloids is 1,798.57 mg/100g, and the lowest is 576.80 mg/100g. The highest content of tannins is 53,140.72 mg/100g, the lowest is 8,391,803 mg/100g. The highest content of flavonoids is 2,5964.14 mg/100g, the lowest flavonoid is 462.84 mg/100g. The highest content of phenol 29,968.05 mg/100g, the lowest is 225.46 mg/100g. The highest antioxidant activity with AAI (Antioxidant Activity Index) obtains value of 0.36. This shows the moderate antioxidant ability. Terminalia catappa L. contain saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The active compound of Terminalia catappa L will generally be produced optimally if a polar solvent is used.

scholarly journals Geotechnical and Mineralogical Appraisal of Shale and Claystone Facies of the Maastrichtian Patti Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola J Ojo ◽  
Oladele A Omotoso ◽  
Adams Agbelekale ◽  
Suraju A Adepoju ◽  
Ayodeji Awe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Geotechnical Properties ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Swell Potential

The need for construction materials in the rapidly developing areas around Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria cannot be overemphasized and this study was undertaken in line with this need. The study area, located about 60km from Abuja, is underlain predominantly by shales and claystones of the Patti Formation. These argillaceous rocks may offer locally sourced construction material if they meet certain specifications, however to date, there has not been a geotechnical study of these rocks. The geotechnical properties and the mineralogy of the shale and claystone were investigated to evaluate their suitability for civil engineering works. Particle size distribution, Atterberg  limits and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on fifteen shale and claystone samples collected  from  three localities (along an approximately 25km transect) for determination of their geotechnical properties and mineralogical composition. Mineralogical data obtained show the samples are dominated by kaolinite with minor amount of montmorillonite. Quartz and minor amounts of microcline, rutile and anatase dominate the non-clay mineral fraction. Particle size data indicate high proportion of fines and they are well graded. The Atterberg limits indicate that the samples have average values of liquid limit of 51%, plastic limit of 23%, plasticity index of 29% and shrinkage limit of 13%. These indicate they are of medium compressibility, low to medium shrink/swell potential, marginal expansive rating and low permeability. High bulk specific gravity (average of 2.61) suggests the samples are inorganic and this is supported by the consistency limits values. Generally, the results indicate the shale and claystone can be useful as stabilizing materials in civil engineering works. In addition, the marginally expansive nature of the shale and claystone, low permeability and intermediate to high plasticity may make them suitable as road subgrade.Keywords— activity, Bida Basin, Gerinya, Kaolinite, plasticity, Patti Formation

scholarly journals Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samnang Phoak ◽  
Ya-Sheng Luo ◽  
Sheng-Nan Li ◽  
Qian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Swell Potential

In this study, the influence of fly ash (FA) content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) on the alteration in the physical and mechanical parameters of loess is investigated. The influences of curing time (0, 14, and 28 days) and submergence and non-submergence conditions are analyzed as well. Analysis considers the variation in Atterberg limits (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content (OMC), and maximum dry density (MDD)), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) stress, UCS strain, California bearing ratio (CBR) value, and swell potential. Results show that the application of FA-stabilized loess (FASL) is effective. Specifically, the MDD decreases and the OMC increases, the UCS stress increases and the UCS strain decreases, the CBR value improves and the swell potential declines, but Atterberg limits are insignificantly changed by the increase in the FA ratio compared with those of untreated loess. The UCS stress and CBR value are improved with the increase in curing time, whereas the UCS strain is negligible. FASL under submergence condition plays an important role in improving the effect of FA on the UCS stress and CBR value compared with that under non-submergence condition. The UCS stress and CBR value are more increased and more decreased than the UCS strain in submerged samples. Therefore, the application of FASL in flood areas is important for obtaining sustainable construction materials and ensuring environmental protection.

scholarly journals Partial Replacement Effect of Firewood Ash (FWA) on the Geotechnical Properties of Clay Stabilized with Cement

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Musab Sabah Abed
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Geotechnical Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Compressive Test ◽  
Modes Of Failure

AbstractWith the intention of providing a balance between the disposal of wastes generated from incineration processes and mitigate the emissions from industrial activities, the reuse of incineration waste as alternatives to conventional binders would offer a sustainable solution to reduce their environmental impact. This study aims to experimentally investigate the effect of firewood, ash (FWA) and ordinary Portland cement on some of the geotechnical properties of low plastic clayey soil (CL). The experimental program was introduced by partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with firewood ash (FWA) up to 10 % with an increment of 2 %. A series of unconfined compressive test (UCT) and Atterberg limits test were performed. The results indicate that plasticity characteristics are affected by the addition of both cement and (FWA). Also, the results showed that the unconfined compressive strength increases for all replacement levels in comparison with the plain clay sample. The term deformability index (DI) also discussed with respect to different replacement level. The 70.61 % pozzolanic activity index indicates that (FWA) is a good pozzolan in accordance with ASTM C 618 specification. Finally, three modes of failure were detected which varying in accordance with the proportion of replacement.

scholarly journals Prediction of Compaction Parameters from Soil Index Properties Case Study: Dam Complex of Upper Atbara Project

2021 ◽  
pp. 01-09
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Field Compaction ◽  
Microsoft Office

Soil compaction involves concretion and a relative variation of physical and mechanical properties of soils. Determining laboratory compaction characteristics such as maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) could be vital work to manage field compaction for all earth-works structures. There are 3 necessary Atterberg limits: plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL), and Plastic Index (PI). The most objective of this paper is to get the relationships between compaction parameters and their Atterberg limits of fine-grained soils and to create reliable correlations. For conducting this work, forty samples are collected from a borrowed space that is found at the bank upstream of Setit watercourse. The tests of soil samples were executed at the laboratory of Dam complex of the upper Atbara project. To perform this work, the Microsoft Office Excel software was exercised for the regression analysis of compaction parameters and Atterberg limits. Several trials were created to get the relationships between Atterberg limits (LL, PL, and PI) with the compaction parameters (OMC, and MDD). From the regression analysis, it's found that OMC and MDD have an excellent relationship with the LL other than the PL and PI. It had been observed that the (OMC) has an excellent correlation with (MDD) other than the remaining parameters. From this work, it's going to be suggested to use the soil compaction properties and Liquid Limits' correlations attributable to their reliable results compared with the other correlations. The result of the paper may be helpful and applicable in numerous civil engineering sectors, particularly for preliminary investigations and prefeasibility studies of various civil engineering works.

scholarly journals Effect of Determination Method on the Liquid Limit of Quaternary Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Abbas J. Al-Taie
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Cone Penetrometer ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
Determination Method

The design process in geotechnical engineering has been vastly affected by Atterberg limits. There are wide variances in the results of liquid limit(LL)determined by different methods. It thought that the procedure used in the test is the primary source of these variances. The research reported in this paper was carried out to find the extent of the proper variance caused by the procedure used to determine the LL of quaternary soils. The effect of this variance on soil classification and activity (A) were included thoroughly. The LL was determined by six methods. They are the Casagrande hard-base and soft-base devices (multi-point and one-point method, and multi-point and one-point cone penetrometer methods. It was found that the index properties obtained from hard-base Casagrande device are differed significantly when compared with other methods. The variance noted was great enough to change LL and change the classification of soil from CL to CH and cause an error in computing A.

Comparing the efficiency of ordinary kriging and cokriging to estimate the Atterberg limits spatially using some soil physical properties

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Baskan ◽  
G. Erpul ◽  
O. Dengiz
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil System ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe spatial distribution of the Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish the consistency and behaviour of a soil and its engineering properties, which strongly depends on the water content of the soil and types of silts and clays in the soil. By spatial modeling, and comparing the results of ordinary kriging with the cokriging approach, this study aims to find correlations between the Atterberg limits and the selected physical soil parameters in order to examine how effective they are in generating an understanding of the dynamics of a physical soil system.In 156 soil samples, the Atterberg limits and soil moisture conditions were determined, and auxiliary functions were selected by application of cokriging using correlation analysis and regression equations obtained by the residual maximum likelihood (REML). These techniques were evaluated by the results of the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean squared error (MSE). Cokriging analysis was found to be more effective at estimating the liquid limit (WLL) and the plastic limit (WPL) than kriging analysis and with smaller error values. On the other hand, the kriging approach, which had smaller MAE and MSE values, was more effective at estimating the plasticity index (WPI) values than the cokriging method. Unlike the REML regression equations, the field capacity (FC) value was the more suitable parameter for the cokriging estimates. When the necessary labour and time were considered for determining the Atterberg limits, both kriging and cokriging were found to be applicable for estimation of these limits.

Teaching Comprehensive Medical Care, A Psychological Study of a Change in Medical Education

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-341
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Medical Clinic ◽  
Colorado School ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
General Medical Clinic ◽  
The University

The essential information about the background and content of this book were provided quite satisfactorily on the jacket covering the book: The University of Colorado School of Medicine in 1953 initiated an outpatient faculty, called the General Medical Clinic, for the purpose of teaching and demonstrating the principles of comprehensive medical care to senior medical students. The senior class was therefore divided, with one half participating in the General Medical Clinic and the other half in the regular course of study. The Behavior Research Laboratory of the University then began a five-year research project designed to study the effects of the experimental program.

The Effect of Boric Acid on Immune Response in Mice Vaccinated by Proteus Vulgaris Antigen

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 741-746
Author(s):  
Saif M Abed ◽  
May A Hamed ◽  
Hussein T Abdulabbas
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 5

This study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of the Boric acid on the immune responses of mice that vaccinated by Proteus Vulgaris antigens. The study was included six groups; the first group (I) was treated with distilled water. The II group was mice treated with Proteus Vulgaris antigens only, (III) group: injected subcutaneously with a dose of (600 ug/Kg), IV group was injected subcutaneously with a dose of (400 ug /Kg) boric acid. The V and VI groups were treated with p. Vulgaris and boric acid. All these groups were carried out at day 1; then, the mice were killed on day 8 to estimate the parameter. The phagocytic activity index was estimated by Eliza reader. While on day I4 the lymphocyte transformation was estimated by MTT index and by Eliza reader. In this regard, all groups of mice showed different significant increases (P≤ 0.05) in the NBT index as compared with group I, the control group, which was injected with distilled water and group 5 and 6 showed increasing significantly compared with group II. III. IV. On the other side of the study, the results of the lymphocyte transformation index in mice of all groups were showed different significant as compared to group I. The best treatment efficiency was recorded in-group V, VI compared with treated groups II. III. IV). The results demonstrated a clear immunomodulatory effect of boric acid (enhancement of nonspecific immunity, and adaptive immunity) of the treated mice immunized with P. Vulgaris.

scholarly journals Study of water salinity effect on geotechnical behavior of soil structure using response surface method (RSM), (Case study: Gotvand Dam)

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ajam ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sabour ◽  
Gorban Ali Dezvareh
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Salinity Effect ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Weight Percentage

Specifying the mechanical characteristics of soil is as one of the major steps in designing the foundation for civil projects, particularly hydraulic structures. This study examines the water salinity effect on engineering characteristics of fine-grained soil in clayey core of Gotvand dam which it is located on the Karun River in Khuzestan province, Iran. For this purpose, three types of salt; sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium sulfate is considered that the last one has the highest concentration in the water of reservoir behind the dam, and then their effect on the mechanical characteristics of clay including density, Atterberg limits, angel of internal friction, adhesion and open inflation have examined. Therefore, treatments required for testing were provided by combining the mentioned salts considering the weight percentage of salt in the water behind the dam and designing a test using response surface methodology (RSM). The results were statistically analyzed by RSM. Results showed that type and amount of soil salinity has no significant impact on the compaction characteristics of soil namely optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density. Results of changes in Atterberg limits showed that presence of salt ions reduces the plasticity of the soil and it was seen a certain decrease in the liquid limit and subsequently a dramatic drop in soil plasticity by increasing the percentage of soil; while the plastic limit remained almost unchanged. Eventually, results of open inflation showed that whatever the salt concentration be higher, the rate of sample's open inflation will be lower.

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