Diversity of Macro Invertebrates and Their Habitat Characteristics in Lan-Kuu Freshwater Wetland, Myanmar

Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland of Auk SaThar in Mingin Township, Sagaing Region was investigated for its species composition, relative abundance, and diversity of aquatic macro-invertebrates from June 2020 to January 2021. This wetland has water throughout the year and is used by many local people for fishing and trapping birds. Thirty macro invertebrates’ species belonging to 28 genera, 19 families, 11 orders, 5 classes, and 3 Phyla were identified and recorded. These species belonged to the orders Hemiptera (23%), Coeleoptera and Odonata (14% each), Orthoptera, Architaenioglossa and Sorbeoconcha (10% each), Lepidoptera (7%), and Hymenoptera, Araneae, Decapoda, and Opithopora (3%). Among the collected specimens Dytiscus verticalis accounted for the highest number of individuals while the least number of individuals were Arocatus rusticus. Average relative abundance indicated 9 species as ‘uncommon’, 14 species as ‘common’ and 7 species as very common in the studied wetland. According to the Shannon index, the diversity of macro-invertebrates recorded in Lan-Kuu freshwater wetland, Myanmar, was high, (2.746-3.016), and so was the evenness (0.888-0.956).

Mitigation of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Mat Type Seedlings Raised for Mechanical Rice Transplanter

Cold mitigation mechanism at seedling stage is a primary requirement during Boro season as seedlings are raised during months of November and December. This study was conducted at the Sylhet Agricultural University's Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering lab in Sylhet during the 2018-19 academic year. The focus of this study is to mitigate the biotic and abiotic effect on germination and mat-type seedling growing during the Boro season. A two-factor design with three replications was used in the experiment. As abiotic stress control factors, six treatments were taken under two different thicknesses (0.04 mm and 0.08 mm) of white polythene sheds that covered day time only (12 hours) and day and night time (24 hours). Along with that two fungicides (Atavo and Autostin) and MoP fertilizer were used to control biotic stress on young seedlings raised in a plastic tray. Agronomical characteristics were measured in two intervals (after 15 and 30 days). The combined effect of 0.08 mm thick polythene shed and MoP treatment showed the highest value for seedling height (167.3 mm), a number of leaves (4), leaf length (99.8 mm), stem length (73.5 mm), and seedling density (18/cm2). Fungal infection was found lowest in 0.08 mm polythene covered day and night time. Seedling raised plastic trays are much more effective than the conventional way in terms of germination and quality. So, 0.08 mm thick white polythene was recommended as a covering mechanism and MoP as a treating mechanism for seedlings rising in cold weather of the Sylhet region.

Incidence of Measles in Breastfed Infants versus Non-Breastfed Infants

Breast-feeding protects newborn infants against numerous infectious conditions and sicknesses, and can also affect the results of vaccination. The main purpose of this research is to assess breastfeeding defends against CM and find the changed effects of vaccination. This research is designed as a cross-sectional study. It is worth mentioning that the study took almost one year to be completed, and the survey was conducted from May 1, 2020, to May 1, 2021. It is notable that the study was carried out base on librarian and field research methodology, and the information was collected from the newly born infants until five years’ children, and then it was analyzed. The data upon infections of indicative measles and socioeconomic indicators were obtained at ten months period. Breast-feeding has been classified as < 30 days breastfed, 1-3-month breast-food, breast-feeding for over three months, unsure breastfeeding, and no breastfeeding. Regarding the results, it could be said that anti-measles Ig though with a mean value of 5.37 AFU, all 55 colostrum samples were positive. Furthermore, the timing of extraction for breast milk AFU is different, the average AFU value fell to 2.11 among days 6-15 (n=15), but the value fell below the cut-out mark of 1.8–1.48 amongst days fifteen to thirty (n=10). It is being concluded that immunization of measles gives excellent disease resistance. In addition to this, breastfeeding is related to a relatively moderate decrease in the chance of measles diagnosis. Relationships with such a diagnosis of measles were independent of breastfeeding & measles vaccination.

In-Vitro Antifungal Activity of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum & Murraya paniculata Leaf Extract against Three Phytopathogenic Fungi

Fungal disease is one of the major problems in agriculture. Fungal pathogens are accountable for approximately 85% of plant diseases. Apart from these, public health conditions are also influenced by consequential fungal infection as well as approximately 1.5 million killed and more than a billion people were affected by fungal disease. Our present exploration has been conducted to assess the antifungal efficiency of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Murraya paniculata leaf extract against three phytopathogenic fungi viz. Pichia kudriavzevii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, at the concentration of 300 µg/disc by food poisoned technique. The result showed that all of these three extracts have significant antifungal efficiency against all of the tested fungus. Maximum antifungal activity was recorded in Murraya paniculata with an inhibition percentage of 100% (0.00±0.000 mm) against three fungi. In addition, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum, growth was totally suppressed in terms of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Murraya paniculata extract. The lowest antifungal effect was 47.18% (34.33±0.272 mm) revealed in Azadirachta indica extract against Pichia kudriavzevii. Among these three extracts, the order of antifungal effect was Murraya paniculata˃Ocimum tenuiflorum˃Azadirachta indica. Amis of this screening to focus antifungal effects of three experimental medicinal plants. These findings indicate leaf of these three plants may be useful for the treatment of various diseases associated with these fungi and could be useful to develop novel, secure and fecund bio-fertilizer for pest control. Further phytochemicals analysis is required to evaluate the compounds responsible for their antifungal effects.

Impacts of Rohingya Migration on Surrounding Environment of Ukhiya, Bangladesh

This study was conducted at Ukhiya Upazila of Cox’s Bazar district to find out the socio-environmental impacts due to Rohingya refugee's invasion of the study area. Both the quantitative and qualitative tools were used to analyzed data and information, in order to assess these impacts. According to the finding, 3918 acre natural and 1879 acre man-made forest coverage was damaged due to Rohingya refugees sheltering in the study area. This study finds out that 42% of the refugees living in the Kutupalong sheltering area are directly dependent on the forest for cooking wood of 1411 tons/day. Moreover, Rohingya`s are significantly affecting other natural resources including soil, agricultural land, and surface and ground-water of the study area. In fact, they using 18.26 million liters of water per day and the ground-water level has been depleted by 25 meters during the time period of 25 August 2017 to February 2018. Furthermore, ~9000 hectares of farming land with local crops (Boro, Aman, Betel leaf) and fruits had been permanently damaged as impacts of Rohingya migration on the area studied. We measured the noise level surroundings of the Rohingya camps, which was 1.5 times higher than the DoE recommended value for the residential area. Various life-threatening diseases were also identified towards the refugees among them diphtheria was most alarming. Moreover, Rohingya are also involved in various antisocial activities including smuggling, drug trafficking, robbery, snatch, theft, etc. Such societal degradation might trigger multiplicative impacts on the environment and overall socio-economic circumstances of the whole Teknaf area.

Response of Different Doses of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of KangKong (Ipomoea reptans poir)

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field of International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka during the period from August to October 2020 to investigate the response of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans poir). The experiment consisted of four nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. T0: no fertilizer, T1: 60 kg nitrogen fertilizer, T2: 80 kg nitrogen fertilizer, and T3: 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The result revealed that plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, root length per plant, fresh weight of root per plant, dry weight of root per plant, yield per plot and yield per hectare grown under different doses of nitrogen fertilizer viz. control (T0), 60 kg N per hectare (T1), 80 kg N per hectare (T2), showed significant reduction than those grown in 100 kg N per hectare (T3). The experiment was conducted following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The application of different doses of nitrogen significantly influences the growth and yield of Kangkong. The maximum plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, fresh weight per plant, root length was obtained from T3 treatment while the minimum was found from the control treatment (T0) at 60 days after sowing. The highest yield (17.87 t/ha) was performed from the treatment T3 and the lowest yield (11.83t/ha) was obtained from the control treatment where no nitrogen was used.

More to Explore; The Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Major Tissue Sources, Known Surface Markers, and Its Immunomodulation properties

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently available for a range of applications and have become a good material for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and disease therapy. MSCs are self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells with multilineage potential to differentiate into cell types of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, and exert potent immunosuppressive potentials. In the present review, we highlight the currently reported variations in the differentiation potential of MSCs from different tissue sources, the minimal criteria to define MSCs from various tissue environments, and provide a detailed description of MSCs surface markers. Furthermore, MSC's immunomodulatory features secrete cytokines and immune receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue also revisits in detail. We propose that there are likely more sources of MSCs waiting to be discovered. We need to Standardize MSCs characterization by selecting markers for isolation, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-mediated immune modulation, and other functionalities of MSCs should be characterized prior to use in clinical applications.

Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.

Effects of Phytohormone and Regulators on Shoot Tip and Nodal Explants for In Vitro Shoot and Root Clonal Propagation of Vitex negundo L.

Medicinal plants are one of the most vital natural resources, but many of them are currently endangered due to habitat loss. Consequently, it is critical to emphasize the importance of using micropropagation techniques for mass propagation of plantlets on a commercial scale, in addition to germplasm conservation and distribution. Nodal explants and shoot tips were expunged from 15 days of the explant by aseptic seedlings, an effective, quick, and better in vitro plant regeneration procedure for Vitex negundo L. has been developed. The recent study was considered to develop an in vitro procedure for the regeneration of V. negundo L., a traditional medicinal plant. Nodal segments and shoot tips were cultivated on MS medium enhanced with numerous plant growth regulators. For multiple shoots and root regeneration, various cytokinins were examined. 6-benzyl-aminopurin (BAP), kinetin (Kin), and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) were all tested as a supplement to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium including auxin phytohormone, such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The furthermost effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of V. negundo has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 minutes. In all treatments, multiple shoots were collected from shoot tips and nodal segments. In MS media added with 2.0mg/l BAP, the most shoots were seen in V. negundo. Furthermore, V. negundo regeneration shoots rooted effectively in half MS containing 1.0 mg/l IBA. Finally, proliferated plantlets were effectively adapted in soil, where they grew normally without morphological anomalies and had a survival rate of 92 percent.

In Vitro Growth of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) via Direct Organogenesis

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a crop of increasing importance as a source of seed oil and proteins; nonetheless, the number of studies on sunflower tissue culture is somewhat limited. The development of a competent in vitro direct organogenesis protocol involves important basic steps of regeneration. In our study, chemically sterilized sunflower seeds were planted on induction media, and 52.54 % germination efficiency was found. While the seeds were subjected to regeneration containing 2 mg/L of cytokinin, Benzyl Adenopurine (BAP) as well as 1 mg/L of auxin, Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA); shoot growth was observed with41 % regeneration efficiency. Non-sterilized seeds germinated but showed fungal growth on the surface of media resulting in no regeneration of sunflower plantlet. On the other hand, sterile seeds germinated less with little or no fungal growth leading to successful regeneration. Frequent regeneration of sterile sunflower seeds through direct organogenesis can contribute to enhanced micro-propagation of this plant.