A Laboratory Study of Two Straddle-Packer Systems Under Simulated Hydrofrac Stress-Measurement Conditions

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Ideal Behavior ◽  
Coupling System ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
End To End ◽  
Maximum Interval

The mechanical behavior of two straddle-packer systems subjected to pressure histories which replicated hydrofracture stress-measurement procedures has been investigated. The systems were pressurized in borehole simulators consisting of lengths of steel casing instrumented with strain gages. From the strain histories, the stresses applied to the casing by the packer elements could be calculated. The systems studied differed in the manner in which the packer elements were coupled; in one system the packers were rigidly coupled end-to-end (rigid coupling), whereas in the other, the tops of the two packers were rigidly coupled leaving the bottom of the upper packer free to slide on the mandrel (sliding coupling). The elements that featured in the two systems were also greatly different. The results indicate that the sliding coupling system tested exhibited nearly ideal behavior up to the maximum interval pressure attained in the tests of 25 MPa. This is accredited to intrinsic superiority of the sliding coupling design.

The Restructuring of the Automobile Industry in the USA

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Bingham ◽  
K K Sunmonu
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
The Usa

In this paper, the changes in the US automobile industry which have occurred over the 1979–86 economic downturn and recovery are examined within the framework of Markusen's profit-cycle theory. When viewing the automobile indusltry as a whole, some of the findings support the profit-cycle theory and others do not. The theory is supported, however, within the context of two distinct automobile industries in the USA—one ‘Fordist’ and the other a Japanese ‘post-Fordist’ system. The Fordist system is entering the negative profit-cycle phase and the post-Fordist system is in the mature phase. The two systems have very different spatial configurations and are likely to have very different economic futures.

Rating Delinquent Behavior

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Hooke
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Two Systems

This study questions the utility of classifying all juvenile offenders under the single rubric of “delinquent.” It presents two systems for classifying offenders according to the delinquent act. The first is a rating scale for severity. Correlations among the ratings of 13 judges ranged from .56 to 93, with a mean of .77. 10 judges rated direction of aggression—against people, against property, general asocial. The percentages of items on which each judge agreed with each of the other judges ranged from 70 to 97. 34 offenses were rated, and a 9- and a 5-point scale of severity are presented.

An Overview of the Interdiffusion Studies in Mo-Si and W-Si Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 354 ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Soumitra Roy ◽  
Soma Prasad ◽  
Aloke Paul
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reactive Diffusion ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Diffusion Rates

The growth of phases by reactive diffusion in Mo-Si and W-Si systems are compared. The crystal structures of MSi2 and M5Si3 phases (M = Mo, W) are similar in these two systems. However, the diffusion rates of the components change systematically with a change in the atomic number. Integrated diffusion coefficients in both phases increase with an increasing atomic number of refractory elements i.e. from Mo to W. On the other hand, the ratio of diffusivities of the components decreases. This indicates a relative increase in the diffusion rates of the metal components with increasing atomic number and a difference in defects concentrations in these two systems.

scholarly journals Hydrometeor and latent heat profiles of tropical cyclones Conson, Ivan and Catarina using PR/TRMM data

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Barbio Rosa ◽  
Augusto Pereira Filho ◽  
Prakki Satyamurty
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
High Water ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Hurricane Ivan ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Ice Content

ABSTRACT Microphysical and thermodynamical features of two tropical systems, namely Hurricane Ivan and Typhoon Conson, and one sub-tropical, Catarina, have been analyzed based on space-born radar PR measurements available on the TRMM satellite. The procedure to classify the reflectivity profiles followed the Heymsfield et al (2000) and Steiner et al (1995) methodologies. The water and ice content have been calculated using a relationship obtained with data of the surface SPOL radar and PR in Rondonia State in Brazil. The diabatic heating rate due to latent heat release has been estimated using the methodology developed by Tao et al (1990). A more detailed analysis has been performed for Hurricane Catarina, the first of its kind in South Atlantic. High water content mean value has been found in Conson and Ivan at low levels and close to their centers. Results indicate that hurricane Catarina was shallower than the other two systems, with less water and the water was concentrated closer to its center. The mean ice content in Catarina was about 0.05 g kg-1 while in Conson it was 0.06 g kg-1 and in Ivan 0.08 g kg-1. Conson and Ivan had water content up to 0.3 g kg-1 above the 0ºC layer, while Catarina had less than 0.15 g kg-1. The latent heat released by Catarina showed to be very similar to the other two systems, except in the regions closer to the center.

Effect of Specimen Geometry on the Predicted Mechanical Behavior of Polyethylene Pipe Material

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek M. A. A. El-Bagory ◽  
Tawfeeq A. R. Alkanhal ◽  
Maher Y. A. Younan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Ring Specimen ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gauge Section

The primary objective of the present paper is to depict the mechanical behavior of high density polyethylene, (HDPE), pipes under different loading conditions with different specimen geometries to provide the designer with reliable design data relevant to practical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of strain rate, ring configuration, and grip or fixture type on the mechanical behavior of dumb-bell-shaped, (DBS), and ring specimens made from HDPE pipe material. DBS and ring specimens are cut from the pipe in longitudinally, and circumferential (transverse) direction respectively. On the other hand, the ring specimen configuration is classified into two types; full ring, (FR), and notched ring, (NR) (equal double notch from two sides of notched ring specimen) specimens according to ASTM D 2290-12 standard. Tensile tests are conducted on specimens cut out from the pipe with thickness 10 mm at different crosshead speeds (10–1000 mm/min), and ambient temperature, Ta = 20 °C to investigate the mechanical properties of DBS, and ring specimens. In the case of test specimens taken from longitudinal direction from the pipe a necking phenomenon before failure appears at different locations along the gauge section. On the other hand, the fracture of NR specimens occurs at one notched side. The results demonstrated that the NR specimen has higher yield stress than DBS, and FR specimens at all crosshead speeds. The present experimental work reveals that the crosshead speed has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of both DBS, and ring specimens. The fixture type plays an important role in the mechanical behavior for both FR and NR specimens at all crosshead speeds.

scholarly journals MULTIPLE MEIOTIC DRIVE SYSTEMS IN THE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER MALE

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
George L Gabor Miklos ◽  
Armon F Yanders ◽  
W J Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
The Other ◽  
Segregation Distorter ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Drive Systems

ABSTRACT The behaviour of two "meiotic drive" systems, Segregation-Distorter (SD) and the sex chromosome sc4sc8 has been examined in the same meiocyte. It has been found that the two systems interact in a specific way. When the distorting effects of SD and sc4sc8 are against each other, there is no detectable interaction. Each system is apparently oblivious to the presence of the other, gametes being produced according to independence expectations. However when the affected chromosomes are at the same meiotic pole an interaction occurs; the survival probability of the gamete containing both distorted chromosomal products is increased, rather than being decreased by the combined action of two systems.

Effects of Allogenic Dermal Fibroblasts on Rotator Cuff Healing in a Rabbit Model of Chronic Tear

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1901-1908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kwon ◽  
Yun Hee Kim ◽  
Sung-Min Rhee ◽  
Tae In Kim ◽  
Jimin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background: The failure of rotator cuffs to heal after repair is an unresolved surgical issue. There have been substantial efforts, including the use of biological supplements, to enhance tendon healing. Dermal fibroblasts are a good candidate for tendon tissue engineering because they are similar to the tenocytes used for collagen synthesis. In addition, they are easily accessible because autologous dermal fibroblasts can be obtained from individual skin without major skin defects and allogenic dermal fibroblasts (ADFs) have already been commercialized in the field of skin engineering. Purpose: To determine the effects of dermal fibroblasts on tendon-to-bone healing in a rabbit model of a chronic rotator cuff tear. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 33 rabbits were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n = 11 each). Supraspinatus tendons were detached and left for 6 weeks to establish a chronic rotator tear model. Torn tendons were repaired in a transosseous manner with the injection of 5 × 106 ADFs with fibrin in group A, fibrin only in group B, and saline only in group C. At 12 weeks after repair, the mechanical test and histological evaluation were performed. Results: Seven rabbits died before the evaluation (1 in group A, 2 in group B, 4 in group C). In the final evaluation, the mean ± SD load to failure was 48.1 ± 13.3 N/kg for group A, 34.5 ± 8.9 N/kg for group B, and 31.1 ± 8.3 N/kg for group C, and group A showed significantly higher load-to-failure values than the other groups ( P = .011). The midsubstance tear rate, which presented stronger tendon-to-bone healing than insertional tear, was 50.0% in group A, 22.2% in group B, 28.6% in group C, but the differences were not statistically significant ( P = .413). In the histological evaluation, group A showed greater collagen fiber continuity and better orientation than the other groups. Conclusion: This controlled laboratory study verified, on the basis of biomechanics and histology, the potential for the use of ADFs in rotator cuff healing. The current results suggest a new biological supplement to increase the rate of rotator cuff healing. Clinical Relevance: The most important finding of this study was the potential for a new biological supplement to enhance rotator cuff healing—a continuing challenge.

scholarly journals Citing Responsibility for Enforcement Despite Contractual Liability in Compensation Expense, Injured in Jurisprudence and Iranian Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Alireza Hasani
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
System Form ◽  
Iranian Law ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Contract Failure ◽  
Contractual Obligations

<p>Civil liability, contractual liability, and unconventional have two branches. If there is a contract between two or more persons and one of them committed a breach of contract (failure to perform, delay in performing the obligation) to and to harm the other party is incomplete and should the contract have contractual liability for damages cope. Where does harm to another person without a contract exists between them or if there is a contract, Inflict losses not related to the contract, the talk of non-contractual liability.</p><p>About whether contractual and non-contractual obligations is two different legal system or single legal system form, there is disagreement among the lawyers: Some distinguish these two systems from each other. But others believe that because the purpose of civil liability is to compensate for losses, these two are the single legal system.</p>By examining the different opinions, we see that both contractual and non-contractual liability system distinct from each other. And despite the contract, the victim can rely on the rules of non-contractual liability.

Mechanical behavior of posterior all-ceramic hybrid-abutment-crowns versus hybrid-abutments with separate crowns-A laboratory study

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingy Nouh ◽  
Matthias Kern ◽  
Ahmed E. Sabet ◽  
Ahmad K. Aboelfadl ◽  
Amina M. Hamdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
All Ceramic

scholarly journals VIII. The distribution of blue-violet light in the solar corona on August 30, 1905. as derived from photographs taken at Kalaa-es-Senam, Tunisia

1908 ◽  
Vol 207 (413-426) ◽  
pp. 307-339
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Automatic Apparatus ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
Royal Dublin Society ◽  
End To End ◽  
Pendulum Clock

The object of my expedition to Kalaa-es-Senam, Tunisia, was to obtain a series of photographs from which might be determined the distribution of light in the corona. In designing my apparatus, I was led by two considerations: (1) the photographs had to be taken automatically, as I had to work without assistance, (2) standardising of the photographs was to be avoided. All the photographs were therefore taken on the two halves of a whole plate placed end to end and developed in the same tray during the same time. The automatic apparatus gives 10 exposures, and it is governed electrically by a pendulum clock. I employed two cameras, one with a Cooke triple achromatic 3½ lens of inches aperture and 58·5 inches focal length, which belongs to the Glasgow spectrograph, the other with a Ross portrait lens of 2 inches aperture and 12 inches focal length. The pictures obtained with the larger camera are so much superior to the small size ones of the portrait lens that I have not made use of the latter in this paper. The cameras were fed by a cœlostat of 8 inches aperture, which had been kindly lent to me by the Royal Dublin Society. In front of the two object-glasses, and about an inch from them, a rotating shutter was mounted which served both cameras. The rotating shutter has four oblong apertures, 90 degrees apart (its back view is shown at D 2 , fig. 1); it is rotated by clockwork driven by a spring, and its motion is governed by the armature of an electro-magnet ( f ). When the armature is attracted, the shutter rotates through about 45 degrees until it presses against one of the four stops d and brings an opening opposite the object-glasses, and when the armature is released the shutter turns again 45 degrees, as far as one of the stops c , and shuts off the light. The contacts are made by a pendulum clock, and they are so devised that make or break can occur only when the pendulum is at or near its position of rest.

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