Potential of Industrial Solid Wastes as Energy Sources and Gaseous Emissions Evaluation in a Pilot Scale Burner (ES2008-54355)

Industrially, many solid wastes can be classified as biomass and their usage reduces disposal costs. In this work, seven wastes from textile and food industries were characterized chemically and physically and the gaseous emissions resulting from the combustion of three of them (textile residues 3, TR3; coffee grounds; and a mixture of meat processing industry wastewater sludge and saw dust (1:9) in weight, SS1) in a pilot scale cyclone type combustor were measured. Their potential for utilization as energy sources was assessed by comparing the emissions to current legislation. Chemical properties showed that the volatile matter values of all biomass were high, which indicate that the solids burn rapidly. Some biomass presented high levels of sulfur and consequently high levels of SO2 emission when burned. The lower heating values ranged from 6.44 MJ kg−1 (dry and ash free, daf) to 22.93 MJ kg−1 (daf) and thermogravimetric analysis of the biomasses showed ignition temperatures and maximum burning rates, which were compared with other papers’ data. Four combustion tests were carried out in a cyclone type combustor and CO, CO2, NOx, CxHy, and SO2 were measured. Moisture content and particulate matter were also measured during the combustion tests and showed effective combustion conditions. Volatile organic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their content values were expressed as total organic carbon (TOC), being all TOC emissions below the limits imposed by the regulations taken as reference. Gaseous emissions were compared with limits imposed by Brazilian and international current legislations, what showed that the usage of these biomasses as energy sources is possible; however, gas treatment would be required, especially if the solid presents high levels of sulfur and chlorine.

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Potential of Industrial Solid Wastes as an Energy Source and Gaseous Emissions Evaluation in a Pilot Scale Burner

ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/es2008-54355 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Silvia L. Floriani ◽

Elaine Virmond ◽

Christine Albrecht Althoff ◽

Regina F. P. M. Moreira ◽

Humberto J. Jose´

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Gas Treatment ◽

Combustion Tests ◽

Lower Heating

Biomass is currently used as an alternative energy source in some industries. Due to problems with disposal of wastes, using biomass as an energy source is economically and environmentally attractive. In this work seven wastes from textile and food industry were characterized and their gaseous emissions resulting from their combustion in a pilot unit were measured. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the usage of industrial wastes as an energy source taking into account their composition and gaseous emissions when submitted to combustion tests. Gaseous emissions were compared to limits imposed by Brazilian and international current legislations. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analyzed by GC-MS and their content values were expressed as total organic carbon (TOC). Four combustion tests were carried out in a cyclone combustor and all TOC emissions were below regulations limits. CO, CO2, NOx, CxHy and SO2 were also measured. Chemical properties showed that the volatile matter values of all biomass were high what indicate that the solids burn rapidly and some biomass presented high levels of sulphur and consequently high levels of emission of SO2 when burned. The lower heating values ranged from 14.22 to 22.93 MJ.kg−1. Moisture content and particulate matter (PM) were measured during the combustion tests and showed effective combustion conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the biomasses showed ignition temperatures and maximum burning rate which were compared to other papers data. The usage of these biomasses as an energy source is possible however gas treatment would be required specially if the solid presents high levels of sulphur and chlorine.

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Fluidized bed combustion of pesticide-manufacture liquid wastes

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc090820024a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 523-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zorana Arsenijevic ◽

Zeljko Grbavcic ◽

Bosko Grbic ◽

Nenad Radic ◽

Radmila Garic-Grulovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluidized Bed ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Production Plant ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽

Complete Combustion ◽

Liquid Wastes ◽

Combustion Tests ◽

Additional Fuel

Industrial liquid wastes can be in the form of solutions, suspensions, sludges, scums or waste oil and have organic properties. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a fluidized bed as a clean technology for burning liquid waste from a pesticide production plant. The combustion of liquid waste mixtures, obtained from realistic samples, was investigated in a pilot scale fluidized bed with quartz sand particles of 0.63-1.25 mm in diameter and 2610 kg/m3 in density at 800-950?C. To ensure complete combustion of liquid waste and additional fuel, the combustion chamber was supplied with excess air and the U/UmF (at ambient temperature) was in between 1.1 and 2.3. In the fluidized bed chamber, liquid waste, additional liquid fuel and air can be brought into intense contact sufficient to permit combustion in bed without backfire problems. The experimental results show that the fluidized bed furnace offers excellent thermal uniformity and temperature control. The results of the combustion tests showed that degradation of liquid wastes can be successfully realized in a fluidized bed with no harmful gaseous emissions by ensuring that the temperatures of both the bed and the freeboard are not lower than 900?C.

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Ecological Response in the Integrated Process of Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6305

Author(s):

Xiaosen Li ◽

Yakui Chen ◽

Xianyuan Du ◽

Jin Zheng ◽

Diannan Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Cycle ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Functional Genes ◽

Alkane Degradation ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Amine Compounds

The study applied microbial molecular biological techniques to show that 2.5% to 3.0% (w/w) of diesel in the soil reduced the types and number of bacteria in the soil and destroyed the microbial communities responsible for the nitrogen cycle. In the meantime, the alkane degradation gene alkB and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation gene nah evolved in the contaminated soil. We evaluated four different remediation procedures, in which the biostimulation-bioaugmentation joint process reached the highest degradation rate of diesel, 59.6 ± 0.25% in 27 days. Miseq sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that compared with uncontaminated soil, repaired soil provides abundant functional genes related to soil nitrogen cycle, and the most significant lifting effect on diesel degrading bacteria γ-proteobacteria. Quantitative analysis of degrading functional genes shows that degrading bacteria can be colonized in the soil. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results show that the components remaining in the soil after diesel degradation are alcohol, lipids and a small amount of fatty amine compounds, which have very low toxicity to plants. In an on-site remediation experiment, the diesel content decreased from 2.7% ± 0.3 to 1.12% ± 0.1 after one month of treatment. The soil physical and chemical properties returned to normal levels, confirming the practicability of the biosimulation-bioaugmentation jointed remediation process.

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Pilot scale anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater sludge with biodiesel waste glycerin

Bioresource Technology ◽

10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.101 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 133 ◽

pp. 206-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Vahid Razaviarani ◽

Ian D. Buchanan ◽

Shahid Malik ◽

Hassan Katalambula

Keyword(s):

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Wastewater Sludge

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Segregation of Biodegradable Solid Wastes of Chittagong Metropolitan Area Based on Specific Physical and Chemical Properties

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3923/pjbs.2006.460.464 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 460-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. Asrafur Rahman ◽

M. Shafiul Alam . ◽

M. Al-Amin .

Keyword(s):

Metropolitan Area ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

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Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12031036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Luís Carmo-Calado ◽

Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽

Roberta Mota-Panizio ◽

Bruno Guilherme-Garcia ◽

Paulo Brito

Keyword(s):

Energy Recovery ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Thermal Conversion ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Gaseous Emissions ◽

Waste Tires ◽

Feeding Difficulties ◽

Stable Conditions ◽

Combustion Tests

The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.

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Ozonation of wastewater sludge for reduction and recycling

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0293 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

K.-H. Ahn ◽

K.Y. Park ◽

S.K. Maeng ◽

J.H. Hwang ◽

J.W. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Wastewater Sludge ◽

Ozone Treatment ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Micro Particles ◽

Belt Press ◽

Treatment And Disposal

An ozone treatment system was introduced as an alternative method for municipal sludge treatment and disposal. A pilot-scale facility was built to investigate the feasibility of the ozonation for sludge reduction and recycle. The system consists of three main parts; advanced wastewater treatment, sludge ozone treatment and belt press dewatering. Ozonation of wastewater sludge resulted in mass reduction by mineralization as well as volume reduction by improvement of dewatering characteristics. The supernatant of the ozonated sludge, consisting of solubilized organics and micro-particles, proved to be an effective carbon source for denitrification. A simple economic assessment reveals that the ozonation process can be more economical than incineration for sludge treatment and disposal at small- and medium-sized wastewater treatment plants.

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Performance Evaluation of Pilot-scale Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) to Process Dyeing Wastewater Based on Grey Relational Analysis

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9101974 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1974 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhixin Qi ◽

Guoli Xiang ◽

Deqi Xiong

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Grey Relational Analysis ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Dyeing Wastewater ◽

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽

Relational Analysis ◽

Grey Relational

A pilot-scale six-compartment hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) with effective volume of 18 m3 was used to treat dyeing wastewater. The HABR system was able to treat the wastewater efficiently after FeSO4 pretreatment, as indicated by removal efficiencies of 33.7% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 39.9% for suspended solid (SS), and 22.5% for sulfate (SO42−) during steadily operational period. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the concentrations of alkanes, amides, organic acids, ketones, phenols, and esters were much lower in the effluent than those in the influent; many high-molecular-weight compounds such as cyclanes, quinolines, and phenols were successfully transformed to low-molecular-weight ones. As illustrated from the results of generalized grey relational analysis (GGRA), COD removal efficiency was more closely associated with flow rate, organic loading rate (OLR), water temperature, and influent SS among the whole selected possible factors. Based on the overall treating effectiveness and the GGRA study, the optimized operation strategy of the dyeing wastewater treatment by HABR was obtained as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h for steady-state operation with an up-flow velocity of 1.7 m/h as well as OLR of 1.5–2.0 kg COD/(m3·d).

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Scale-up of a NiMoP/γAl2O3 catalyst for the hydrotreating and mild hydrocracking of heavy gasoil

Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles ◽

10.2516/ogst/2018094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 ◽

pp. 22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ricardo Prada Silvy

Keyword(s):

Scale Up ◽

Catalyst Support ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Metallic Surface ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Alumina Surface ◽

Distribution Profile ◽

Surface Hydroxyl

This contribution shows the acquired experience during the scale-up of a NiMoP/γAl2O3 catalyst employed for the hydrotreating and mild hydrocracking of heavy gasoil. Three different strategies were adopted for preparing catalyst batches at pilot scale. They consisted on co-impregnation of γ-alumina extrudates with aqueous solutions containing Ni and Mo salts and phosphoric acid in one or two successive steps. The textural, chemical composition, mechanical strength, metallic surface dispersion and elemental radial distribution profile properties were influenced by the impregnation procedure employed. The co-impregnation with diluted Ni, Mo and P solutions in two successive steps is the best way to prepare the catalyst. This procedure provides a catalyst that exhibits better physico-chemical properties and catalytic activity profile than the other impregnation methods investigated. Heat and mass transfer limitations became very important when preparing catalysts in large quantities. The diffusion intra-particle and extra-particle was observed influenced by the density and viscosity properties of the metallic solution, the liquid-solid contact angle, the reactivity of phosphate, polymolybdate and phosphomolybdate species with the alumina surface hydroxyl groups, the raise of temperature produced in the solid particles during the initial impregnation step and the porosity properties of the catalyst support. It was concluded that the fine control of the metal distribution on the alumina surface during the impregnation is crucial for producing highly active uniform catalysts.

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