The Effects of Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emissions From a General Electric Tier 2 Line-Haul Locomotive

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Osborne ◽  
Steve Fritz ◽  
Doug Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Measurement Variation ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

This paper documents the exhaust emission test results from a Tier 2 General Electric ES44DC line-haul locomotive with 3280 kW rated traction power and the impact of biodiesel fuel blends on regulated exhaust emissions. Baseline exhaust emission testing was performed with a test fuel containing a sulfur concentration of approximately 400 ppm and was followed by testing of fuel blends containing 2%, 10%, 20%, and 100% soybean derived biodiesel (B2, B10, B20, and B100). Gaseous and particulate emissions were sampled per Title 40 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Part 92. Test results indicate particulate matter (PM) reductions occurred over the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) locomotive line-haul and switch duty cycles for each biodiesel blend tested, as compared with the base fuel. The bulk of the PM reduction benefit was present with the 10% biodiesel blend, with comparatively small additional amounts of PM reductions found with increased amounts of biodiesel. PM reduction associated with biodiesel was greater over the switch duty cycle than for the line-haul duty cycle. The change in cycle weighted oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for B2, B10, and B20 was not greater than the expected test measurement variation; however, B100 increased NOx by nearly 15% over the line-haul cycle. Changes in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions over the duty cycles were within normal test measurement variation except for neat biodiesel, where HC was reduced by 21% and 24% over the line-haul and switch cycles, respectively. Carbon monoxide reductions of 17% and 24% over the line-haul cycle were measured for B20 and B100, respectively, as compared with the base fuel. Volumetric fuel consumption increased to about 1% for both B2 and B10 blends. Just over 2% increase in volumetric fuel consumption was observed at B20 and nearly 7% increase in volumetric fuel consumption at B100.

The Effects of Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emissions From a General Electric Tier 2 Line-Haul Locomotive

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Osborne ◽  
Steve Fritz ◽  
Doug Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Measurement Variation ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

This paper documents exhaust emission test results from a Tier 2 General Electric ES44DC line-haul locomotive with 3,280 kW rated traction power, and the impact of biodiesel fuel blends on regulated exhaust emissions. Baseline exhaust emission testing was performed with a test fuel containing a sulfur concentration of approximately 400 ppm, and was followed by testing of fuel blends containing 2%, 10%, 20%, and 100% soybean derived biodiesel (B2, B10, B20, B100). Gaseous and particulate emissions were sampled per Title 40 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Part 92. Test results indicate particulate matter (PM) reductions occurred over the EPA Locomotive Line-Haul and Switch Duty Cycles for each biodiesel blend tested, as compared to the base fuel. The bulk of the PM reduction benefit was present with the 10% biodiesel blend, with comparatively small additional amounts of PM reductions found with increased amounts of biodiesel. PM reduction associated with biodiesel was greater over the Switch Duty Cycle than for the Line-Haul Duty Cycle. The change in cycle weighted oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for B2, B10, and B20 were not greater than the expected test measurement variation; however, B100 increased NOx by nearly 15% over the line-haul cycle. Changes in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions over the duty cycles were within normal test measurement variation except for neat biodiesel, where HC was reduced by 21% and 24% over the Line-Haul and Switch cycles. Carbon Monoxide (CO) reductions of 17% and 24% over the Line-Haul cycle were measured for B20 and B100, as compared to the base fuel. Volumetric fuel consumption increased about 1% for both B2 and B10 blends. Just over 2% increase in volumetric fuel consumption was observed at B20 and nearly 7% increase in volumetric fuel consumption at B100.

PR30C-LE Locomotive With DOC and Urea Based SCR: Baseline and Initial Aftertreatment Emissions Testing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin T. Osborne ◽  
Doug Biagini ◽  
Harold Holmes ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael Jaczola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Emissions Testing

The PR30C-LE is a repowered six-axle, 2,240 kW (3,005 hp), line-haul locomotive that was introduced to the rail industry in 2009. The Caterpillar 3516C-HD Tier 2 engine is equipped with an exhaust aftertreatment module containing selective catalyst reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) technology. PR30C-LE exhaust emission testing was performed on test locomotive PRLX3004. Phase-1 of the test program included the following tasks: engine-out baseline emissions testing without the aftertreatment module installed, aftertreatment module installation, commissioning and degreening, and emissions testing with the aftertreatment. Emission results from testing without the aftertreatment module, referred to as the baseline configuration, indicated that PRLX3004 emissions were below Tier 2 EPA locomotive limits without aftertreatment. Emission test results with the DOC and SCR aftertreatment module showed a reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) of 80 percent over the line-haul cycle, and 59 percent over the switcher cycle. Particulate matter (PM) was reduced by 43 percent over the line-haul cycle and 64 percent over the switcher cycle. Line-haul cycle composite emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced by 93 and 72 percent, respectively. The PR30C-LE locomotive achieved Tier 4 line-haul NOx, CO, HC, as well as Tier 3 PM levels. There are currently five PR30C-LE locomotives in operation in California and Arizona, and the total hour accumulation of the five PR30C-LE locomotives as of October 2011 was 20,000 hours.

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance and Reducing Emissions Using Binary Biodiesel Fuel Blend

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramvir Singh ◽  
S. R. Chauhan ◽  
Varun Goel ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Fuel Mixing ◽  
Ci Engines

Fossil fuel consumption provides a negative impact on the human health and environment in parallel with the decreased availability of this valuable natural resource for the future generations to use as a source of chemical energy for all applications in energy, power, and propulsion. The diesel fuel consumption in the transport sector is higher than the gasoline in most developing countries for reasons of cost and economy. Biodiesel fuel offers a good replacement for diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Earlier investigations by the authors revealed that a blend of 70% amla seed oil biodiesel and 30% eucalyptus oil (AB70EU30) is the favorable alternative renewable fuel blend that can be used as a fuel in diesel engines. With any fuel, air/fuel mixing and mixture preparation impact efficiency, emissions, and performance in CI engines. Minor adjustments in engine parameters to improve air/fuel mixing and combustion are deployable approaches to achieve good performance with alternative fuel blends in CI engines. This paper provides the role of a minor modification to engine parameters (compression ratio, injection timing, and injection pressure) on improved performance using the above mixture of binary fuel blends (AB70EU30). The results showed that the use of AB70EU30 in modified engine resulted in higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to normal diesel for improved combustion that also resulted in very low tailpipe emissions.

A Microprocessor-Controlled Test System Utilizing Relevant Component Duty Cycles

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-662
Author(s):  
R. K. King ◽  
R. L. Decker
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Test System ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Material Failure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Relevant Component

The need for meaningful fatigue tests of hydraulic and mechanical components is ever-increasing. Such tests are often performed in the laboratory. Previous investigations have shown that laboratory test lives will be different than field duty lives if laboratory test cycles used have either a different load or “time at load” than the field duty cycle. Field duty cycles often consist of complex shapes. The closer that the laboratory test cycles approximate the field duty cycle, the better the correlation that can be drawn between laboratory and field lives. This paper presents a technique for predicting field endurance life from laboratory test results which capitalizes on the OSU material failure number theory. It describes a microprocessor-controlled test system which provides an inexpensive, reliable means of producing test cycles which approximate the shape of the field duty cycle. An example application is presented.

scholarly journals Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel-Ethanol-Diesel Fuel Blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Fatima Mohammed Ghanim ◽  
Ali Mohammed Hamdan Adam ◽  
Hazir Farouk
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Oxygenated Additives ◽  
Blend Ratios

Abstract: There is growing interest to study the effect of blending various oxygenated additives with diesel or biodiesel fuel on engine performance and emission characteristics. This study aims to analyze the performance and exhaust emission of a four-stroke, four-cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol-diesel. Biodiesel was first produced from crude Jatropha oil, and then it was blended with ethanol and fossil diesel in different blend ratios (B10E10D80, B12.5E12.5D75, B15E15D70, B20E20D60 and B25E25D50). The engine performance and emission characteristics were studied at engine speeds ranging from 1200 to 2000 rpm. The results show that the brake specific fuel consumption increases while the brake power decreases as the percentage of biodiesel and ethanol increases in the blend. The exhaust emission analysis shows a reduction in CO2 emission and increase in NOx emission when the biodiesel -to- ethanol ratio increases in the blends, when compared with diesel as a reference fuel.

scholarly journals Evaluating brake specific fuel consumption and gas emissions from palm biodiesel fuel used in diesel generator

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Phuong Nu Thanh Ton ◽  
Giang Hoang Le ◽  
Hien Thi To ◽  
Takenaka Norimichi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
High Load ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Loading Mode

This study evaluated brake specific fuel consumption and regulated emissions from palm biodiesel fuel (palm BDF) used on diesel generators. The tests were performed at an idle and high load with different mixing rate blends between diesel fuel and palm BDF (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 50 %, 100 % which was called B0, B5, B10, B15, B20, B50 and B100) respectively. The results showed at each loading mode, brake specific fuel consumption increased when the volume of palm BDF rose in the blends. At the idle mode, brake specific fuel consumption increased 1.32 %, 1.8 %, 2.8 %, 3.74 %, 5.61 %, 6.54 % for B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B100, compared with B0. Similarly at the high load mode, brake specific fuel consumption improved 1.51 %, 1.86 %, 2.18 %, 4.78 %, 5.36 %, 6.76 % for B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B100, compared with B0. In both two load modes, when the volume of palm BDF in the fuel blends grew gradually, the concentration of CO, SO2 and CxHy emission reduced while the concentration of NO and NO2, CO2 went up. Emission factors of CO, SO2 and CO2 at high load are higher than those at an idle load, regardless the ratio of palm BDF to diesel fue. Conversely, emission factors of NO, NO2 at high load are higher.

scholarly journals Performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine operating with rapeseed oil and jp-8 fuel blends

2015 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Gvidonas Labeckas ◽  
Irena Kanapkienė
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Fuel Blends

The article presents experimental test results of a DI single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine FL 511 operating with the normal (class 2) diesel fuel (DF), rapeseed oil (RO) and its 10%, 20% and 30% (v/v) blends with aviation-turbine fuel JP-8 (NATO code F-34). The purpose of the research was to analyse the effects of using various rapeseed oil and jet fuel RO90, RO80 and RO70 blends on brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, emissions and smoke of the exhaust. The test results of engine operation with various rapeseed oil and jet fuel blends compared with the respective parameters obtained when operating with neat rapeseed oil and those a straight diesel develops at full (100%) engine load and maximum brake torque speed of 2000 rpm. The research results showed that jet fuel added to rapeseed oil allows to decrease the value of kinematic viscosity making such blends suitable for the diesel engines. Using of rapeseed oil and jet fuel blends proved themselves as an effective measure to maintain fuel-efficient performance of a DI diesel engine. The brake specific fuel consumption decreased by about 6.1% (313.4 g/kW·h) and brake thermal efficiency increase by nearly 1.0% (0.296) compared with the respective values a fully (100%) loaded engine fuelled with pure RO at the same test conditions. The maximum NOx emission was up to 13.7% higher, but the CO emissions and smoke opacity of the exhaust 50.0% and 3.4% lower, respectively, for the engine powered with biofuel blend RO70 compared with those values produced by the combustion of neat rapeseed oil at full (100%) engine load and speed of 2000 rpm.

Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a 1,125 kW Multiple Genset Switcher Locomotive

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randell L. Honc ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael B. Schell ◽  
Andrew Tarnow ◽  
Adam Bennett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Generator Sets

Conventional switcher or shunting locomotives in North America are powered by a single Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) 12 or 16 cylinder 645E engine which operate at eight distinct power levels, plus idle, at engine speeds ranging from 250 to 900 rpm, and power ratings of 1125 to 1500 kW. The individual power (notch) settings are weighted according to an established duty cycle to obtain overall fuel consumption and exhaust emission rates. Recently introduced locomotive power systems utilize multiple smaller displacement non-road diesel engines packaged as individual generator sets to obtain a cleaner and more efficient locomotive. This paper compares exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a conventional switcher locomotive with a single large displacement engine to that of a repowered locomotive utilizing three 345 kW generators.

Real-Time and Robust Estimation of Biodiesel Blends Based on Fuel Consumption and Crankshaft Torsionals

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirheidari ◽  
M. A. Franchek ◽  
K. M. Grigoriadis ◽  
J. Mohammadpour ◽  
Y. Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Robust Estimation ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Adaptive Estimation ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Engine Control System ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Robust Adaptive

Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel which produces lower exhaust emissions compared to its petroleum-based counterpart, diesel. While all of the emissions are less for biodiesel compared to diesel fuel, nitrogen oxides (NOx) increases. To meet the emissions requirements by engine manufacturers, information about biodiesel fuel must be provided for engine control system to be able to compensate the increase in NOx emissions caused by using biodiesel. Moreover, biodiesel blend information can be useful to improve performance on the biodiesel fueled engine. Biodiesel blend estimation based on fuel consumption and produced engine torque is investigated in this paper. This strategy is fitted in a robust adaptive estimation structure for achieving a robust estimation. Sensitivity analysis has been done to check the robustness of the estimators against measurement errors.

Optimization of the Performance and Emissions of Soy Biodiesel Blends in a Modern Diesel Engine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Bunce ◽  
David Snyder ◽  
Gayatri Adi ◽  
Carrie Hall ◽  
Gregory Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Rail Pressure ◽  
Biodiesel Blend

As the world is faced with continued petroleum demand, the need for alternative fuels which are renewable and domestically available is becoming apparent. Biodiesel is one such attractive alternative fuel which has physical and chemical properties similar to, and miscible with conventional diesel. While biodiesel does have many advantages, due to fuel property differences including oxygenation and a lower calorific value than diesel fuel, biodiesel combustion often results in higher fuel consumption and higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel combustion. Stock diesel engine design and decision making target optimal performance with conventional diesel fuel, leading to suboptimal results for biodiesel. This study aimed to determine the appropriate engine decision making for the air/fuel ratio (AFR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) fraction, injection (rail) pressure, and start of main fuel injection (SOI) in a modern common rail diesel engine using variable geometry turbo-charging and operating with varying blend ratios of diesel and soy-based biodiesel fuel mixtures to minimize brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and adhere to strict combustion noise, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emission constraints. When operating with the stock engine decision making, biodiesel blend combustion resulted in increases in NOx of up to 39% and fuel consumption increases up to 20% higher than the nominal diesel levels but also had substantial reductions in PM. Through modulation of the AFR, EGR fracton, rail pressure, and SOI at several operating points, it was demonstrated that the optimal engine decision-making for biodiesel shifted to lower AFRs and higher EGR fractions in order to reduce NOx, and shifted to more advanced timings in order to mitigate the observed increases in fuel consumption at the nominal settings. The optimal parameter combinations for B5 (5% biodiesel and 95% diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) and B100 (100% biodiesel) still maintained substantial PM reductions but resulted in NOx and noise levels below nominal diesel levels. However, these parameter combinations had little impact on reducing the biodiesel fuel consumption penalty but did improve the thermal efficiency of biodiesel blend combustion.

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