Four-Bar Linkages—Approximate Synthesis

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-296
Author(s):  
W. W. Worthley ◽  
R. T. Hinkle
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Graphical Solution ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Function Generator ◽  
Approximate Synthesis ◽  
Four Bar Linkage ◽  
Arbitrary Selection ◽  
Selection Of

An analytical method for synthesizing a four-bar linkage as a function generator is presented. The method, which permits the arbitrary selection of four precision points and finite angular ranges, is based on a graphical solution. This permits a preliminary graphical investigation of the six possible linkages before selecting one for analytical treatment.

Planar Linkage Synthesis for Function Generation Using Poles and Rotation Angles

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Graphical Solution ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Design Time ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Linkage Design ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Solution Mechanism ◽  
Four Bar Linkage ◽  
Selection Of

Function Generation is a long standing linkage design problem. It is possible to design a planar four bar linkage whose input and output links will pass through seven coordinated positions. This paper discloses the first graphical solution to this problem. The approach is to consider the constraints imposed by the target positions on the linkage through the poles and rotation angles. This approach enables the designer to explore the range of possible solutions when fewer than seven positions are specified by dragging a fixed or moving pivot in the plane. The selection of free choices is made at the end of the process and the complete mechanism is visible when the choices are made. The constraints only need to be made once which eliminates the repetitive construction required by previous methods to consider multiple pivot locations. Since it is so easy to consider multiple pivot locations and the solution mechanism is visible, the required design time is greatly reduced. A corresponding analytical solution is also developed and solved based on the same constraints. This is a new analytical solution and is defined by a system of 20 nonlinear equations with 20 unknowns.

Planar Linkage Synthesis for Coupler Point Path Guidance Using Poles and Rotation Angles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
Graphical Solution ◽  
Design Time ◽  
Linkage Design ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Solution Mechanism ◽  
Four Bar Linkage ◽  
Selection Of

Coupler point path guidance is a long standing linkage design problem. It is possible to design a four bar linkage with a coupler point that will pass through up to nine specified points. This paper discloses a new graphical solution to this problem. The approach is to consider the constraints imposed by the target points on the linkage through the poles and rotation angles. This approach enables the designer to explore the range of possible solutions when fewer than nine points are specified by dragging a fixed or moving pivot in the plane. The selection of free choices is made at the end of the process and the complete mechanism is visible when the choices are made. The constraints only need to be made once which eliminates the repetitive construction required by previous methods to consider multiple pivot locations. Since it is so easy to consider multiple pivot locations and the solution mechanism is always visible, the required design time is greatly reduced. A corresponding analytical solution is also developed and solved based on the same constraints. The analytical solution is defined by a system of 28 nonlinear equations with 28 unknowns.

Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkage Function Generators by Means of Equations of Motion

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Wojcik
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Connecting Rod ◽  
Function Generator ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Function Generators ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Four Bar Linkage ◽  
Selection Of

The function generation method presented in this paper is based on consideration of the equations of motion of a four-bar linkage with an assumed input of θ˙1 = 1 rad/sec. For a specified input-output relationship, the task of synthesizing an appropriate four-bar linkage is reduced by this method to a problem of selecting two parameters: θ˙2—the angular velocity and θ¨2—the angular acceleration of the connecting rod. The selection of these parameters is governed by certain conditions imposed on the performance of the four-bar linkage function generator. Using this method, two specific problems are solved and discussed in detail.

Comparative study of four greenness assessment tools for selection of greenest analytical method for assay of hyoscine N-butyl bromide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Gamal ◽  
Ibrahim A. Naguib ◽  
Dibya Sundar Panda ◽  
Fatma F. Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Butyl Bromide ◽  
Selection Of

The competencies of four greenness assessment tools were tested. AGREE is the best greenness tool while NEMI is the poorest one. AGREE, GAPI, and ESA are reliable greenness tools.

scholarly journals Optimal synthesis of a four-bar linkage by method of controlled deviation

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radovan Bulatovic ◽  
Stevan Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Optimal Synthesis ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Individual Comparison ◽  
Four Bar Linkage ◽  
The Given ◽  
Initial Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Process Calculation ◽  
Made In

This paper considers optimal synthesis of a four-bar linkage by method of controlled deviations. The advantage of this approximate method is that it allows control of motion of the coupler in the four-bar linkage so that the path of the coupler is in the prescribed environment around the given path on the segment observed. The Hooke-Jeeves?s optimization algorithm has been used in the optimization process. Calculation expressions are not used as the method of direct searching, i.e. individual comparison of the calculated value of the objective function is made in each iteration and the moving is done in the direction of decreasing the value of the objective function. This algorithm does not depend on the initial selection of the projected variables. All this is illustrated on an example of synthesis of a four-bar linkage whose coupler point traces a straight line, i.e. passes through sixteen prescribed points lying on one straight line. .

Interpreting Citizenship Amendment Act: Its Content and Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-572
Author(s):  
Keshab Chandra Ratha
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Morality ◽  
Arbitrary Selection ◽  
Selection Of

India is endowed with a proud history of inclusive government and religious tolerance. Indian citizenship has always been firmly rooted in the country’s constitution, which lays priority on equality, regardless of gender, caste, religion, class, community or language. Attaching citizenship rights to religious affiliation runs counter to the letter and spirit of India’s Constitution and constitutional morality. The major thrust of the present article is to project government’s stance on the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019, constitutional provisions in relation to the Act, thematic arguments of critics and constitutional experts on the matter, multifarious challenges ahead in respect of its implementation, by establishing the fact that any measure taken must remain in conformity with international norms and values and necessity of amending the law to do away with the arbitrary selection of countries and religious groups so that the current agitation can be easily tranquilised.

Closed-Form Synthesis of Force-Generating Planar Four-Bar Linkages

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Randall Soper ◽  
Michael Scardina ◽  
Paul Tidwell ◽  
Charles Reinholtz ◽  
Michael A. Lo Presti
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Function Generator ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Nonlinear Mechanical ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Weight Force

Abstract This paper presents a technique for synthesizing four-bar linkages to produce a specified resisting force or torque. The resisting energy is provided by a weight acting on the other grounded link. The linkage serves as a nonlinear mechanical advantage function generator. Force and velocity synthesis methods have been extensively discussed in the literature. The general approach, however, has been to assume that the specified force or velocity occurs at a prescribed position. This results in the loss of design parameters that are being used unnecessarily to control position. In this application, force input to the linkage is specified as a function of only the input link position and the magnitude and direction of the weight force. Mechanical advantage synthesis can be achieved at as many as seven precision points. The method presented in this paper allows free selection of two parameters and viewing one infinity of solutions.

REVIEW ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-924
Author(s):  
Lytt I. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Tumor ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
Arbitrary Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Colorimetric Methods ◽  
Made In

THE IDENTIFICATION and measurement of adrenocortical steroids in body fluids over the past 2 decades have made possible an extensive exploration of adrenal function. This review is restricted to adrenocortical metabolism in the fetus, infant and child. No attempt will be made to cover all of this rapidly developing area of endeavor. Certain aspects have been treated in other review articles, to which the reader is referred. The reviews by Moore on fetal endorinology, Klein on neonatal adrenal physiology, Lieberman and Teich and Roberts and Szego on steroid biochemistry, White and Wettstein and Anner on adrenal cortical hormones, Ingle on cortisone and Gaunt, Renzi and Chart on aldosterone are especially useful. The books by Wilkins and by Talbot and colleagues contain helpful treatments of this area. Due to the prolific nature of even the review literature, it is necessary to make a rather arbitrary selection of material. NEWER METHODOLOGY Within recent years a number of methods have been developed for the estimation of hormones in urine and plasma. Several techniques for the chromatographic separation of the 17-ketosteroids in urine have been described. Of particular value in the diagnosis of virilizing adrenal tumor has been the development of colorimetric methods for the estimation of dehydroepiandrosterone in urine. Some progress has been made in the estimation of corticosteroids in the urine. Techniques for the measurement of 11-oxygenated neutral 17-ketosteroids, pregnanetriol and pregnanediol in the urine of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have been described. There has been a blossoming of methods for estimating steroids in plasma. Several varieties of techniques are now available for the measurement of corticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids in plasma.

Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review

Bioanalysis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 1161-1194
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Amini ◽  
Elaheh Rahimpour ◽  
Abolghasem Jouyban
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Reliable Analytical Method ◽  
Selection Of

Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007–2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).

scholarly journals Optimal observational planning of local GPS networks: assessing an analytical method

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mehrabi ◽  
B. Voosoghi
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Gps Networks ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractPrecision, reliability and cost are the major criteria applied in optimization and design of geodetic networks. The terrestrial networks are being replaced quickly by permanent and campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) networks. These networks must be optimized using the same three criteria. In this article the optimization of the observational plan of local GPS networks (Second Order Design (SOD)) is considered using the precision criterion. This study is limited to the selection of optimal numbers and the best distribution of the non-trivial baselines throughout the network. This objective is accomplished based on the SOD solution through the analytical method in operational research by the means of quadratic programming algorithm. This presented method is tested on a real GPS network and appears to be a useful technique in terms of cost reduction in the field work by the provided observational plan and optimal distribution of the baselines throughout the network. Results indicate that weights of almost 36% of the baselines are negligiblewhen compared to the weights of the rest of the baselines; therefore, they could be eliminated fromthe observational plan, resulting in a 36% saving in the fieldwork cost.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document