Motorcycle Tire Modeling for the Study of Tire–Rim Interaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Gianpiero Mastinu ◽  
Giorgio Previati
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Fem Model ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Wheel Rim ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tire Modeling

For the lightweight design of the wheel rim of motorcycles, the knowledge of the way in which contact forces are transmitted by the tire is of crucial importance. In this paper, an analytical model of the tire is developed and explicit formulae giving the distribution of the radial and axial forces acting on the wheel rim for a given vertical load are derived. The analytical model is validated by means of a finite element method (FEM) model and experimental tests. The proposed analytical model is able to predict the radial deflection of both a front and a rear tire for a racing motorbike with very good accuracy over a wide range of inflating pressures and vertical loads. The force distributions are in very good agreement with the results of the FEM model. Experimental tests show that the force distribution at the interface between the tire and rim can be used to predict the stress distribution in the rim with a good accuracy.

Motorcycle Tire Modeling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Giampiero Mastinu ◽  
Giorgio Previati ◽  
Roberto Zerboni
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Explicit Formulae

The knowledge of the actual distribution of the contact forces transmitted by the tire to the rim is of crucial importance for the lightweight design of motorcycles wheels. In this paper, an analytical model of a motorcycle tire is developed and explicit formulae giving the distribution of the static radial and axial forces acting between the tyre and the rim for a given vertical load have been derived. The analytical model has been validated by means of a FE model of the tire and wheel and on the basis of indoor experimental tests. The proposed analytical model is able to predict the radial static deflection of both a front and a rear tire for a racing motorbike with very good accuracy over a wide range of inflating pressures and vertical loads. The force distributions are in very good agreement with the results of the FE model.

scholarly journals Tire-Rim Interaction, a Semi-Analytical Tire Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Giorgio Previati ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Gianpiero Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Wheel Rim ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Development And Validation

This paper deals with the development and validation of a semi-analytical tire model able to compute the forces at the interface between tire and rim. The knowledge of the forces acting on the rim is of crucial importance for the lightweight design of wheels. The proposed model requires a limited set of data to be calibrated. The model is compared with complete finite element (FE) models of the tire and rim. Despite its simplicity, the semi-analytical model is able to predict the forces acting on the rim, in agreement with the forces computed by complete FE models. The stress state in the wheel rim, computed by the developed semi-analytical model matches fairly well the corresponding stress state coming from experimental tests.

Bulletproof and Noise-Reducing Guards in Lightweight Design for Woodworking Machines

2014 ◽  
Vol 907 ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Uwe Heisel ◽  
Vincenzo Forcillo
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Sound Emission ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Fem Model ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

At present, guards on woodworking machine tools have to undergo an impact test with a 100 g projectile and an impact speed of 70 m/s to protect the operator against breaking tools. At the moment, only sheet metal housings and plastic elements of polycarbonate as well as particular safety curtain systems meet these requirements regarding the retention capacity of machine enclosures for woodworking centres according to EN 848-3. In context of this work, a machine enclosure made out of lightweight materials was developed as alternative to the conventional sheet metal housings. A solution for safety curtains that passes easy over the workpieces without damaging the edges was also worked out. With regard to rigid guards, many different kinds of material combinations were examined concerning retention capacity and acoustic behaviour. In addition to the experimental tests, a FEM model was developed representing the impact behaviour of the composite based. Finally, a lightweight enclosure prototype was designed and examined with regard to the retention capacity at critical spots and of sound emission.

Numerical Modelling of the Biaxial Fatigue Test of Aluminium Wheels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Ballo ◽  
Giampiero Mastinu ◽  
Giorgio Previati ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Fatigue Test ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Biaxial Test ◽  
Interface Surface ◽  
Biaxial Fatigue ◽  
Wheel Rim ◽  
Wheel Model

Abstract The paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of fatigue life of lightweight aluminium wheels subject to biaxial fatigue test. A numerical model based on finite elements is developed for the scope. The model receives as input the test load sequences and outputs the fatigue life of wheel. Two different methods for modelling the load transfer mechanism of the tyre have been analysed, i.e. how the tyre-drum contact forces are transferred to the wheel rim. The first method consists of a simple cosine loading function acting on a fixed arch of the wheel rim. The second method relies on a physical model of the tyre that is fixed at the tyre-rim interface surface; the computed reaction forces are fed as input to the wheel model. The fatigue life of the wheel is estimated by using the Palmgrem-Miner approach. Both the Sines fatigue criterion and the Papadopoulos critical plane with gradient effect criterion are used and the results are compared. Experimental tests have been performed on an actual wheel mounted on the biaxial test bench for a preliminary validation of the method.

Transient creep analytical modeling for shear endplate assemblies in fire

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-309
Author(s):  
Hadi O. Al Haddad ◽  
Elie G. Hantouche
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Thermal Creep ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Axial Forces ◽  
Creep Effect ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
In Fire

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical model that is capable of predicting the behavior of shear endplate beam-column assemblies when exposed to fire, taking into account the thermal creep effect. Design/methodology/approach An analytical model is developed and validated against finite element (FE) models previously validated against experimental tests in the literature. Major material and geometrical parameters are incorporated in the analysis to investigate their influence on the overall response of the shear endplate assembly in fire events. Findings The analytical model can predict the induced axial forces and deflections of the assembly. The results show that when creep effect is considered explicitly in the analysis, the beam undergoes excessive deformation. This deformation needs to be taken into account in the design. The results show the significance of thermal creep effect on the behavior of the shear endplate assembly as exposed to various fire scenarios. Research limitations/implications However, the user-defined constants of the creep equations cannot be applied to other connection types. These constants are limited to shear endplate connections having the material and geometrical parameters specified in this study. Originality/value The importance of the analytical model is that it provides a time-effective, simple and comprehensive technique that can be used as an alternative to the experimental tests and numerical methods. Also, it can be used to develop a design procedure that accounts for the transient thermal creep behavior of steel connections in real fire.

scholarly journals Simulation Verification of the Contact Parameter Influence on the Forces’ Course of Cereal Grain Impact against a Stiff Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Kęska ◽  
Jacek Marcinkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Gierz ◽  
Żaneta Staszak ◽  
Jarosław Selech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Contact Parameter ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The continuous development of computer technology has made it applicable in many scientific fields, including research into a wide range of processes in agricultural machines. It allows the simulation of very complex physical phenomena, including grain motion. A recently discovered discrete element method (DEM) is used for this purpose. It involves direct integration of equations of grain system motion under the action of various forces, the most important of which are contact forces. The method’s accuracy depends mainly on precisely developed mathematical models of contacts. The creation of such models requires empirical validation, an experiment that investigates the course of contact forces at the moment of the impact of the grains. To achieve this, specialised test stations equipped with force and speed sensors were developed. The correct selection of testing equipment and interpretation of results play a decisive role in this type of research. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the force sensor dynamic properties’ influence on the measurement accuracy of the course of the plant grain impact forces against a stiff surface. The issue was examined using the computer simulation method. A proprietary computer software with the main calculation module and data input procedures, which presents results in a graphic form, was used for calculations. From the simulation, graphs of the contact force and force signal from the sensor were obtained. This helped to clearly indicate the essence of the correct selection of parameters used in the tests of sensors, which should be characterised by high resonance frequency.

scholarly journals Camera and inertial sensor fusion for the PnP problem: algorithms and experimental results

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi D’Alfonso ◽  
Emanuele Garone ◽  
Pietro Muraca ◽  
Paolo Pugliese
Keyword(s):  
Pose Estimation ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Inertial Measurement Units ◽  
Magnetic Vector ◽  
Inertial Measurement ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
Position And Orientation

AbstractIn this work, we face the problem of estimating the relative position and orientation of a camera and an object, when they are both equipped with inertial measurement units (IMUs), and the object exhibits a set of n landmark points with known coordinates (the so-called Pose estimation or PnP Problem). We present two algorithms that, fusing the information provided by the camera and the IMUs, solve the PnP problem with good accuracy. These algorithms only use the measurements given by IMUs’ inclinometers, as the magnetometers usually give inaccurate estimates of the Earth magnetic vector. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is assessed by numerical simulations and experimental tests. The results of the tests are compared with the most recent methods proposed in the literature.

scholarly journals Multi-stable composite twisting structure for morphing applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 468 (2141) ◽  
pp. 1230-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Lachenal ◽  
P. M. Weaver ◽  
S. Daynes
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphing Structure ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Unstable States

Conventional shape-changing engineering structures use discrete parts articulated around a number of linkages. Each part carries the loads, and the articulations provide the degrees of freedom of the system, leading to heavy and complex mechanisms. Consequently, there has been increased interest in morphing structures over the past decade owing to their potential to combine the conflicting requirements of strength, flexibility and low mass. This article presents a novel type of morphing structure capable of large deformations, simply consisting of two pre-stressed flanges joined to introduce two stable configurations. The bistability is analysed through a simple analytical model, predicting the positions of the stable and unstable states for different design parameters and material properties. Good correlation is found between experimental results, finite-element modelling and predictions from the analytical model for one particular example. A wide range of design parameters and material properties is also analytically investigated, yielding a remarkable structure with zero stiffness along the twisting axis.

RTCONTACT: An Efficient Wheel-Rail Contact Algorithm for Real-Time Dynamic Simulations

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bosso ◽  
A. Gugliotta ◽  
N. Zampieri
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Computational Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Contact Algorithm ◽  
Complex Simulation ◽  
Precise Representation

Determination of contact forces exchanged between wheel and rail is one of the most important topics in railway dynamics. Recent studies are oriented to improve the existing contact methods in terms of computational efficiency on one side and on the other side to develop more complex and precise representation of the contact problem. This work shows some new results of the contact code developed at Politecnico di Torino identified as RTCONTACT; this code, which is an improvement of the CONPOL algorithm, is the result of long term activities, early versions were used in conjunction with MBS codes or in Matlab® environment to simulate vehicle behaviour. The code has been improved also using experimental tests performed on a scaled roller-rig. More recently the contact model was improved in order to obtain a higher computational efficiency that is a required for the use inside of a Real Time process. Benefit of a Real Time contact algorithm is the possibility to use complex simulation models in diagnostic or control systems in order to improve their performances. This work shows several comparisons of the RTCONTACT contact code respect commercial codes, standards and benchmark results.

Effects of H2 Addition to CNG Blends on Cycle-to-Cycle and Cylinder-to-Cylinder Combustion Variation in an SI Engine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Baratta ◽  
Stefano d’Ambrosio ◽  
Daniela Misul ◽  
Ezio Spessa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Test Point ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Wide Range

An experimental investigation and a burning-rate analysis have been performed on a production 1.4 liter CNG (compressed natural gas) engine fueled with methane-hydrogen blends. The engine features a pent-roof combustion chamber, four valves per cylinder and a centrally located spark plug. The experimental tests have been carried out in order to quantify the cycle-to-cycle and the cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation. Therefore, the engine has been equipped with four dedicated piezoelectric pressure transducers placed on each cylinder and located by the spark plug. At each test point, in-cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, induced air mass flow rate, pressure and temperature at different locations on the engine intake and exhaust systems as well as ‘engine-out’ pollutant emissions have been measured. The signals correlated to the engine operation have been acquired by means of a National Instruments PXI-DAQ system and a home developed software. The acquired data have then been processed through a combustion diagnostic tool resulting from the integration of an original multizone thermodynamic model with a CAD procedure for the evaluation of the burned-gas front geometry. The diagnostic tool allows the burning velocities to be computed. The tests have been performed over a wide range of engine speeds, loads and relative air-fuel ratios (up to the lean operation). For stoichiometric operation, the addition of hydrogen to CNG has produced a bsfc reduction ranging between 2 to 7% and a bsTHC decrease up to the 40%. These benefits have appeared to be even higher for lean mixtures. Moreover, hydrogen has shown to significantly enhance the combustion process, thus leading to a sensibly lower cycle-to-cycle variability. As a matter of fact, hydrogen addition has generally resulted into extended operation up to RAFR = 1.8. Still, a discrepancy in the abovementioned conclusions was observed depending on the engine cylinder considered.

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