Anhydrite (Calcium Sulfate) Mineral as a Novel Weighting Material in Drilling Fluids

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobeen Murtaza ◽  
Zeeshan Tariq ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Dhafer Al-Shehri
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Inorganic Acids ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
First Time

Abstract Different additives such as barite, calcium carbonate, hematite, and ilmenite having high-density and fine solid materials are used to increase the density of drilling fluids. However, some of the weighting additives can cause some serious drilling problems such as barite (particle settling, formation damage, erosion, and insoluble filter cake). In this study and for the first time, anhydrite (calcium sulfate) is used as a weighting additive in the drilling fluids. Several laboratory experiments such as density, rheology, fluid loss, resistivity, and pH were carried out to assess the performance of calcium sulfate as a weighting additive in the drilling fluids. The performance of calcium sulfate as a weighting additive was compared with the commonly used weight enhancing additive calcium carbonate. The results showed that calcium sulfate has higher solubility than calcium carbonate. The fluid loss test showed that both additives lost the same volume of fluid and created the same thickness of filter cake; however, the solubility of calcium sulfate-based filter cake with organic and inorganic acids was higher compared with other weighting materials. Calcium sulfate-based filter cake was completely dissolved using a new formulation that consists of glutamic-diacetic acid (GLDA) chelating agent and potassium carbonate as a convertor. The removal efficiency after 10 h reached 100% in 20 wt% GLDA and 10 wt% potassium carbonate solution at 100 °C.

Well Clean-Up Using a Combined Thermochemical/Chelating Agent Fluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cake Removal

The well clean-up process involves the removal of impermeable filter cake from the formation face. This process is essential to allow the formation fluids to flow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Different types of drilling fluids such as oil- and water-based drilling fluids are used to drill oil and gas wells. These drilling fluids are weighted with different weighting materials such as bentonite, calcium carbonate, and barite. The filter cake that forms on the formation face consists mainly of the drilling fluid weighting materials (around 90%), and the rest is other additives such as polymers or oil in the case of oil-base drilling fluids. The process of filter cake removal is very complicated because it involves more than one stage due to the compatibility issues of the fluids used to remove the filter cake. Different formulations were used to remove different types of filter cake, but the problem with these methods is the removal efficiency or the compatibility. In this paper, a new method was developed to remove different types of filter cakes and to clean-up oil and gas wells after drilling operations. Thermochemical fluids that consist of two inert salts when mixed together will generate very high pressure and high temperature in addition to hot water and hot nitrogen. These fluids are sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride. The filter cake was formed using barite and calcite water- and oil-based drilling fluids at high pressure and high temperature. The removal process started by injecting 500 ml of the two salts and left for different time periods from 6 to 24 h. The results of this study showed that the newly developed method of thermochemical removed the filter cake after 6 h with a removal efficiency of 89 wt% for the barite filter cake in the water-based drilling fluid. The mechanisms of removal using the combined solution of thermochemical fluid and ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent were explained by the generation of a strong pressure pulse that disturbed the filter cake and the generation of the high temperature that enhanced the barite dissolution and polymer degradation. This solution for filter cake removal works for reservoir temperatures greater than 100 °C.

Evaluation of Constitutive Equation for Stress in Solids in Porous Media Composed of Bridging Agents Used in Drilling Fluids

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1878-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arantes Moreira ◽  
Flávia Cristina Assis Silva ◽  
Larissa dos Santos Sousa ◽  
Fábio de Oliveira Arouca ◽  
João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
The Stability

During oil well drilling processes in reservoir-rocks, the drilling fluid invades the formation, forming a layer of particles called filter cake. The formation of a thin filter cake and low permeability helps to control the drilling operation, ensuring the stability of the well and reducing the fluid loss of the liquid phase in the interior of the rocks. The empirical determination of the constitutive equation for the stress in solids is essential to evaluate the filtration and filter cake formation in drilling operations, enabling the operation simulation. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between the porosity and stress in solids of porous media composed of bridging agents used in drilling fluids. The concentration distribution in sediments was determined using a non-destructive technique based on the measure of attenuated gamma rays. The procedure employed in this study avoids the use of compression-permeability cell for the sediment characterization.

Synthesis and properties of high temperature resistant and salt tolerant filtrate reducer N,N-dimethylacrylamide 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propyl dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride N-vinylpyrrolidone quadripolymer

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Zhao ◽  
Xiaolin Pu ◽  
Luo Xiao ◽  
Gui Wang ◽  
Junlin Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Good Thermal Stability

Abstract N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propyl (AMPS), dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomers were copolymerized to synthesize a zwitterionic copolymer filtrate reducer. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated that the molecular structure and chemical compositions of the quadripolymer matched with the design, and the result of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the polymer had good thermal stability. The effects of the quadripolymer on the properties and salt tolerance of drilling fluids were investigated. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was used to observe the microstructure of the DMAA/AMPS/DMDAAC/NVP quadripolymer-bentonite system and filter cake of the drilling fluid added the copolymer. Results showed that a one space grid structure was formed by the molecular film with a hydrophobic association effect and electrostatic interaction between the groups in the positive and negative charges of the quadripolymer. It adsorbed and coated clay particles, and kept the particles distributing multilevels which contributed to forming a compact filter cake to reduce fluid loss. The spatial structure of the quadripolymer in drilling fluid could be destroyed partly by high temperatures, sodium and calcium, but the polymer still had a good effect on reducing fluid filtration.

Formation-Damage and Well-Productivity Simulation

SPE Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 751-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Lohne ◽  
Liqun Han ◽  
Claas van Zwaag ◽  
Hans van Velzen ◽  
Anne-Mette Mathisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Mechanistic Modeling ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Particle Injection

Summary In this paper, we describe a simulation model for computing the damage imposed on the formation during overbalanced drilling. The main parts modeled are filter-cake buildup under both static and dynamic conditions; fluid loss to the formation; transport of solids and polymers inside the formation, including effects of porelining retention and pore-throat plugging; and salinity effects on fines stability and clay swelling. The developed model can handle multicomponent water-based-mud systems at both the core scale (linear model) and the field scale (2D radial model). Among the computed results are fluid loss vs. time, internal damage distribution, and productivity calculations for both the entire well and individual sections. The simulation model works, in part, independently of fluid-loss experiments (e.g., the model does not use fluid-leakoff coefficients but instead computes the filter-cake buildup and its flow resistance from properties ascribed to the individual components in the mud). Some of these properties can be measured directly, such as particle-size distribution of solids, effect of polymers on fluid viscosity, and formation permeability and porosity. Other properties, which must be determined by tuning the results of the numerical model against fluid-loss experiments, are still assumed to be rather case independent, and, once determined, they can be used in simulations at altered conditions as well as with different mud formulations. A detailed description of the filter-cake model is given in this paper. We present simulations of several static and dynamic fluid-loss experiments. The particle-transport model is used to simulate a dilute particle-injection experiment taken from the literature. Finally, we demonstrate the model's applicability at the field scale and present computational results from an actual well drilled in the North Sea. These results are analyzed, and it is concluded that the potential effects of the mechanistic modeling approach used are (a) increased understanding of damage mechanisms, (b) improved design of experiments used in the selection process, and (c) better predictions at the well scale. This allows for a more-efficient and more-realistic prescreening of drilling fluids than traditional core-plug testing.

A Study on the Effects of Date Pit-Based Additive on the Performance of Water-Based Drilling Fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimoh K. Adewole ◽  
Musa O. Najimu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Date Seed ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
Loss Control

This study investigates the effect of using date seed-based additive on the performance of water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). Specifically, the effects of date pit (DP) fat content, particle size, and DP loading on the drilling fluids density, rheological properties, filtration properties, and thermal stability were investigated. The results showed that dispersion of particles less than 75 μm DP into the WBDFs enhanced the rheological as well as fluid loss control properties. Optimum fluid loss and filter cake thickness can be achieved by addition of 15–20 wt % DP loading to drilling fluid formulation.

scholarly journals Novel Cake Washer for Removing Oil-Based Calcium Carbonate Filter Cake in Horizontal Wells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3427
Author(s):  
Osama Siddig ◽  
Saad Al-Afnan ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Mohamed Bahgat
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Impermeable Layer ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Dissolution ◽  
Emulsion Oil ◽  
Cake Removal

An impermeable layer “filter cake” usually forms during the overbalanced drilling technique. Even though it helps in protecting the formation from a further invasion of drilling fluids, the removal of this layer is essential for a proper cement job and to avoid any reduction in wellbore deliverability. The design of the removal process is complicated and depends on the filter cake composition and homogeneity. This paper presents an experimental evaluation on the usage of a novel cake washer (NCW) in the removal of a filter cake formed by an invert emulsion oil-based drilling fluid that contains calcium carbonate as a weighting material while drilling a horizontal reservoir. The proposed NCW is a mixture of organic acid, mutual solvent and nonionic surfactant. It is designed to enable restored wellbore permeability for a sustainable production. Since the filter cake mainly consists of the weighting material, the solubility of calcium carbonate in NCW at different ranges of temperature, duration and concentration was investigated. An actual casing joint was used to test the corrosion possibility of the treating solution. High-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) filtration tests on ceramic discs and Berea sandstone core samples were conducted to measure the efficiency of the filter cake removal and the retained permeability. Ethylene glycol mono butyl ether (EGMBE) was used as a mutual solvent and the solubility was higher compared to when the mutual solvent was not used in the washer formulation. A significant increase in calcium carbonate dissolution with time was observed for a duration of 24 h. The solubility was found to be proportional to the concentration of NCW with optimum results of 99% removal at a temperature of around 212 °F. At those conditions, no major corrosion problems were detected. Permeability of the core retained its pristine value after the treatment.

scholarly journals Experimental approach for assessing filter-cake removability derived from reservoir drill-in fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4029-4045
Author(s):  
Asad Elmgerbi ◽  
Gerhard Thonhauser ◽  
Alexander Fine ◽  
Rafael E. Hincapie ◽  
Ante Borovina
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Open Hole ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Dynamic Filter ◽  
Cake Removal

AbstractPredicting formation damage in cased-hole and open-hole completion wells is of high importance. This is especially relevant when the damage is caused by reservoir drill-in fluids hence being well-bore induced. Cake filter removal has proven to be a good approach to estimate induced damage and to evaluate drill-in fluids’ performance. We present an experimental methodology to evaluate filter cake removal, which could be achieved during the well's initial production. An improved experimental setup, to the ones presented in literature, has been developed to enhance data quality. A twofold approach was used for setup design, and first, it can be integrated with devices used to evaluate the static/dynamic filter-cake. Second, it can be used to simulate more realistic cases (field related) by adjusting the experiment parameters. Hence, to replicate the expected drawdown pressure as well as the corresponding flow rate of the studied reservoir. Three key indicators directly related to filter-cake removal were used as evaluators in this work. Lift-off pressure, internal and external filter cakes removal efficiency. Three reservoir fluid systems were studied, two polymer-based and one potassium carbonate. Results show that pressure required to initiate the collapsing process of the filter cake is not significant. Polymer-based drilling fluids showed better performance in terms of external and internal filter cake cleaning efficiency comparing to potassium carbonate. Moreover, we observed that filtrate volume has no clear relation with the degree of residual damage.

Investigation of the Mitigation of Lost Circulation in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids by Use of Gilsonite

SPE Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 1184-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.. Guo ◽  
J.. Voncken ◽  
T.. Opstal ◽  
R.. Dams ◽  
P.L.J.. L.J. Zitha
Keyword(s):  
Filter Cake ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Lost Circulation ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Simple Physical Model

Summary Fluid-loss control is an essential property of oil-based mud (OBM) that can affect the success of drilling operations. This paper presents an investigation of the mitigation of lost circulation in OBM by use of leakoff-control-additive gilsonite. A simple physical model was developed to describe the static-filtration process considering the formation and properties of the filter cake. Both high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) American Petroleum Institute (API) press and core-flow-filtration experiments were performed to evaluate the leakoff behavior of OBM. Core-filtration experiments were carried with the aid of a computerized-tomography (CT) scanner to monitor the invasion of the filtrate into the sandstone core at time intervals. In the long time limit, the model predicts that the fluid loss follows the classical Carter equation; that is, the volume of leakoff increases as the square root of time for the static filtration through a filter paper and through the sandstone core. Dual-mode filtration diminishes the rate of fluid loss considering the effect of emulsion. The model also provides a relation between pressure drop and filtrate rate, which can be used to estimate the permeability of filter cake in the experiment. The leakoff behavior with additive observed in the experiment is well-explained by the microstructure of rapid-buildup filter cake, which is mainly responsible for the control of fluid loss. The role of different components of OBM, such as solid particles, emulsion droplets, and additives, is discussed in light of our observations.

The Research on Smart Drill-In Fluid Design

2010 ◽  
Vol 146-147 ◽  
pp. 1075-1079
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Jie Nian Yan ◽  
Guang Cheng Jiang ◽  
Shui Xiang Xie ◽  
Ying Jun Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Calcium Carbonates ◽  
Active Calcium ◽  
Conventional Drilling

There are continuous high concerns on formation protection technology in international petroleum engineering field. The reservoir drill-in fluid (RDF) is the first non-native fluid to contact formation, and which influences directly the ultimate capacity of oil and gas well. The paper discusses the smart RDF design method based on conventional drilling fluid. The designed RDF system is characterized as good formation damage control, as well as the performance easily adjusted for field application. The technology combines ideal packing technology with active calcium carbonate to obtain low permeability filter cake, high return permeability and low initial flowing pressure. The sized calcium carbonates contribute to develop sealing zone for preventing filtrate and solids from invading into formation, and the organophilic passageway in filter cake (the active calcium carbonate) is favorable to open automatically passageway for oil and gas during production. Different modifiers used to ground calciumcarbonate surface modification are evaluated in laboratory. And the laboratory results show modified calcium carbonates are comfortable with conventional drilling fluids additives such as XC(Xanthan ), potassium polyacrylate(K-PAM), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(Na-CMC).

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