Viability of Cryogenic Cooling to Reduce Processor Power Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Nordlund ◽  
Matt Harrison ◽  
Joshua Gess
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Solenoid Valve ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Needle Valve ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Coolant Delivery

Abstract Through the application of cryogenic cooling via liquid nitrogen (LN2), the power consumption of a CPU was substantially reduced. Using a digitally controlled solenoid valve and an additively manufactured cold plate, the manual process of LN2 cooling was automated for precise control of cold plate temperature. The power consumption and frequency relationship of the processor was established across three different thermal solutions to determine the effect of temperature on this relationship. It was found that power consumption of the processor decreased at lower temperatures due to a reduction in current leakage and the core voltage necessary for stable operation. This culminated in a reduction of up to 10.6% in processor power consumption for the automated solution and 20.8% for the manual LN2 solution when compared to the air cooled baseline. Due to the binary nature of the solenoid valve, flow rate was tuned via an in-line needle valve to increase thermal stability. It was found that for lower flow rates, approximately 5.0 g/s, temperatures oscillated within a range of +/- 11.5°C while higher flow rates of 10 to 12 g/s generated amplitudes as small as +/-3.5°C. Additionally, several tests measured the rate of LN2 consumption and found that the automated solution used 230% to 280% more coolant than the manual thermal solution, implying there is room for improvement in the cold plate geometry, LN2 vapor exhaust design, and coolant delivery optimization.

scholarly journals Power-Based Non-Intrusive Condition Monitoring for Terminal Device in Smart Grid

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoming Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Ji ◽  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Wenyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Dsp Processors

As a critical component in the smart grid, the Distribution Terminal Unit (DTU) dynamically adjusts the running status of the entire smart grid based on the collected electrical parameters to ensure the safe and stable operation of the smart grid. However, as a real-time embedded device, DTU has not only resource constraints but also specific requirements on real-time performance, thus, the traditional anomaly detection method cannot be deployed. To detect the tamper of the program running on DTU, we proposed a power-based non-intrusive condition monitoring method that collects and analyzes the power consumption of DTU using power sensors and machine learning (ML) techniques, the feasibility of this approach is that the power consumption is closely related to the executing code in CPUs, that is when the execution code is tampered with, the power consumption changes accordingly. To validate this idea, we set up a testbed based on DTU and simulated four types of imperceptible attacks that change the code running in ARM and DSP processors, respectively. We generate representative features and select lightweight ML algorithms to detect these attacks. We finally implemented the detection system on the windows and ubuntu platform and validated its effectiveness. The results show that the detection accuracy is up to 99.98% in a non-intrusive and lightweight way.

The Clogging Behavior of a Vortex Pump: An Experimental Study on the Influence of Impeller Designs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Gerlach ◽  
Dorian Perlitz ◽  
Flemming Lykholt-Ustrup ◽  
Christian Brix Jacobsen ◽  
Paul Uwe Thamsen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
Blade Angle ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Blade Number ◽  
Outlet Angle ◽  
Vortex Pump ◽  
Efficiency Losses ◽  
Angle Blade

This paper analyzes the clogging behavior of a vortex pump with different impeller designs. The influence of blade outlet angle, blade number, and impeller diameter were tested. Non-woven textiles in different concentrations served as the clogging material. The results suggest that a smaller outlet blade angle, a higher blade number, and a larger impeller diameter allow pumping more textiles. Impellers that were capable of pumping more textiles, however, were less efficient. Overall, pumping textiles causes efficiency losses. However, this could not be only related to increased power consumption. Flow rates under clogging operation were close to the flow rates under clear water operation irrespective of the amount of clogging material and the impellers design. Further, in all tests clogging material accumulated at the suction mouth in the casing.

scholarly journals PIDS: An Intelligent Electric Power Management Platform

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (08) ◽  
pp. 13220-13227
Author(s):  
Yongqing Zheng ◽  
Han Yu ◽  
Yuliang Shi ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Shuai Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Power Outage ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Power Adjustment ◽  
Intelligent Decision ◽  
Information Tracking ◽  
Intelligent Decision Support

Electricity information tracking systems are increasingly being adopted across China. Such systems can collect real-time power consumption data from users, and provide opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI) to help power companies and authorities make optimal demand-side management decisions. In this paper, we discuss power utilization improvement in Shandong Province, China with a deployed AI application - the Power Intelligent Decision Support (PIDS) platform. Based on improved short-term power consumption gap prediction, PIDS uses an optimal power adjustment plan which enables fine-grained Demand Response (DR) and Orderly Power Utilization (OPU) recommendations to ensure stable operation while minimizing power disruptions and improving fair treatment of participating companies. Deployed in August 2018, the platform is helping over 400 companies optimize their power consumption through DR while dynamically managing the OPU process for around 10,000 companies. Compared to the previous system, power outage under PIDS through planned shutdown has been reduced from 16% to 0.56%, resulting in significant gains in economic activities.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR- WATER SYSTEM USING DISSIMILAR MOTIONLESS MIXERS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Mazhar Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Static Mixers ◽  
Air Bubble ◽  
Transfer Study

The hydrodynamic characteristics of mixing fluids are always the points to consider in improvement of their mixing quality especially using motionless mixers normally stated as “Static Mixers”. Motionless mixing technique was adopted for Air-Water system with the advantage of negligible power consumption over dynamic mixers. Different hydrodynamic characteristics were experimented using “Baffle Type” static element and were compared to those of already used in recent studies. Dissolved oxygen content, Static mixer geometry (i.e. Baffle, Blade, Wheel, Plate and Needle), mixing fluids flow rates were chosen as variables and selected in this content as rate of mass transfer study which founds out to be significant using “Baffle Type” static element. Volumetric mass transfer was also achieved at higher scale which gives a clear indication of increase the mass transfer coefficient in between the comparison of “Baffle type” element and other mentioned elements. Pressure droplet and depletion in Air bubble size across static elements were visually perceived using Hg-Manometer and still photography respectively. A mathematical model was also developed portraying the Air bubble diameter at different flow rates for this system. Other hydrodynamics like higher Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Content, Less Power consumption were also found to be more advantageous for “Baffle Type” static element.

scholarly journals Outdoor Air-Cooling System for a Computer Room and Its Corresponding Energy-Saving Effect

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5719
Author(s):  
JiHyun Hwang ◽  
Taewon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Air Cooling System ◽  
Saving Effect

The recent expansion of the internet network and rapid advancements in information and communication technology are expected to lead to a significant increase in power consumption and the number of data centers. However, these data centers consume a considerable amount of electric power all year round, regardless of working days or holidays; thus, energy saving at these facilities has become essential. A disproportionate level of power consumption is concentrated in computer rooms because air conditioners in these rooms are required to operate throughout the year to maintain a constant indoor environment for stable operation of computer equipment with high-heat release densities. Considerable energy-saving potential is expected in such computer rooms, which consume high levels of energy, if an outdoor air-cooling system and air conditioners are installed. These systems can reduce the indoor space temperature by introducing a relatively low outdoor air temperature. Therefore, we studied the energy-saving effect of introducing an outdoor air-cooling system in a computer room with a disorganized arrangement of servers and an inadequate air conditioning system in a research complex in Korea. The findings of this study confirmed that annual energy savings of up to approximately 40% can be achieved.

Effect of Temperature Ratio on Jet Array Impingement Heat Transfer

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Jongmyung Park ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Impinging Jets ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Ratio ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Considered are the effects of temperature ratio on the heat transfer from an array of jets impinging on a flat plate. At constant Reynolds number of 18000, and constant Mach number of 0.2, different ratios of target plate temperature to jet temperature are employed. The spacing between holes in the streamwise direction X is 8D, and the spanwise spacing between holes in a given streamwise row Y is also 8D. The target plate is located 3D away from the impingement hole exits. Experimental results show that local, line-averaged, and spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers decrease as the Tw/Tj temperature ratio increases. This is believed to be due to the effects of temperature-dependent fluid properties, as they affect local and global turbulent transport in the flow field created by the array of impinging jets. The effect of temperature ratio on crossflow-to-jet mass velocity ratio and discharge coefficients are also examined.

Heat Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity Determination by Means of Comparison With a Standard Plate of Known Conductivity

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chyouhwu Brian Huang ◽  
Hung-Shyong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Conduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Conductivity Method ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Cooling Flow

Due to the soaring energy prices, the cost to maintain a basic living standard has increased, therefore choosing right insulated materials when building a new house/appliance is important. The heat transfer coefficient plays a vital role; therefore, developing an effective, accurate, and low cost testing machine is an important issue. This is also the goal of this research. The testing apparatus developed can be used to measure the thermal conductivity as a basis for the choice of the materials. The heat conduction testing equipment was designed using “the thermal conductivity comparison with a known conductivity” method in addition to the basic heat conduction theory. For the best results, several parameters were used to fine-tune the operating conductions, such as cooling flow rate, heat source temperature, etc. Three types of materials were used as the sample for verifying the accuracy of the developed apparatus: gypsum board, silicon cement and PE polyethylene foam. Four heat sources temperatures were tested: 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, and 45°C. Two cooling flow rates were used: 108 liter/hour and 90 liter/hour. In the end, ANSYS was used to validate the testing results. The testing results show that the measured thermal conductivity is accurate. Equilibrium can be reached faster when testing with high cooling flow rates. The best hot plate temperature is 30°C.

A High-Performance Interface ASIC for Quartz Rate Sensor

2011 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
Wei Ping Chen ◽  
Qing Yi Wang ◽  
Liang Yin ◽  
Zhi Ping Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Bias Stability ◽  
Output Noise ◽  
Rate Sensor

In this work, an ASIC interface for quartz rate sensor (QRS) is introduced. Based on 0.6μm 18V N-well CMOS process, it is the first to be realized in the domestic. This chip has a minimized size of 5×4.4mm2. Compared with traditional interface constructed by separate devices, such interface implemented with integrated circuits is advantageous in size and power consumption. This satisfies the requirements of miniature and low power consumption in space industry and military domain. The test results show that this interface features low noise, high linearity, and stable operation. Integrated with the sensor, the entire system presents high performance in short term bias stability, nonlinearity, output noise, bias variation over temperature, and power consumption.

Effect of Temperature Ratio on Jet Array Impingement Heat Transfer

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Goodro ◽  
Jongmyung Park ◽  
Phil Ligrani ◽  
Mike Fox ◽  
Hee-Koo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Impinging Jets ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Ratio ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

This paper consider the effects of temperature ratio on the heat transfer from an array of jets impinging on a flat plate. At a constant Reynolds number of 18,000 and a constant Mach number of 0.2, different ratios of target plate temperature to jet temperature are employed. The spacing between holes in the streamwise direction X is 8D, and the spanwise spacing between holes in a given streamwise row Y is also 8D. The target plate is located 3D away from the impingement hole exits. Experimental results show that local, line-averaged, and spatially averaged Nusselt numbers decrease as the Twa∕Tj temperature ratio increases. This is believed to be due to the effects of temperature-dependent fluid properties, as they affect local and global turbulent transport in the flow field created by the array of impinging jets. The effect of temperature ratio on crossflow-to-jet mass velocity ratio and discharge coefficients is also examined.

Control of Cold Plate Temperature in a Pumped Two Phase Flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Sinha ◽  
Larry W. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Output Feedback Control ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
The Heat Transfer Coefficient

Abstract One of the main goals of a pumped two-phase flow cooling system is to ensure that there is a two phase flow at the exit of the cold plate so that the heat transfer coefficient remains very high. To decrease the mass flow rate but still prevent dryout, there is a motivation to maintain the exit quality at roughly 0.6 to 0.7 for an unknown time-varying heat load. In this paper, a simple output feedback control algorithm is proposed to achieve this goal. A nonlinear model based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy is used. Steady state solutions and their stability are analyzed. Results from numerical simulations with R134a flow corroborate the validity of the proposed novel feedback control algorithm.

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