NONLINEAR ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE FOR MONITORING POROSITY IN ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED PARTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sehyuk Park ◽  
Hamad N. Alnuaimi ◽  
Anna Hayes ◽  
Madison Sitkiewicz ◽  
Umar Amjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Nonlinear Ultrasonic ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Characterization Of Materials

Abstract Ultrasonic wave based techniques are widely used for damage detection, and for quantitative and qualitative characterization of materials. In this study, ultrasonic waves are used for probing the response of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel samples as their porosity changes. The additively manufactured stainless steel specimens were fabricated using a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) metal 3D printer. Four different levels of porosity were obtained by suitably controlling the LPBF process parameters. For generating ultrasonic waves, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers were used. The signals were generated and propagated through the specimens in a transmission mode setup. Both linear and nonlinear analyses were used during the signal processing of the recorded signals for damage characterization. Linear ultrasonic parameters such as the time-of-flight (related to wave velocity) and signal amplitude (related to wave attenuation) were recorded. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, Sideband Peak Count - Index (SPC-I), was obtained by a newly developed nonlinear analysis technique called the SPC-I technique. Results obtained for the specimens were analyzed and compared for both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic analyses. Finally, the effectiveness of the SPC-I technique in monitoring porosity levels in additively manufactured specimens is discussed.

Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Additively Manufactured Material With Different Porosity Induced by Varying Material Printing Speed Using Guided Acoustic Waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeHyuk Park ◽  
Hamad Alnuaimi ◽  
Anna Hayes ◽  
Madison Sitkiewicz ◽  
Umar Amjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Wave ◽  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Nonlinear Ultrasonic ◽  
Scan Speed ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Characterization Of Materials

Abstract Guided acoustic wave based techniques have been found to be very effective for damage detection, and both quantitative and qualitative characterization of materials. In this research, guided acoustic wave techniques are used for porosity evaluation of additively manufactured materials. A metal 3D printer, Concept Laser Mlab 200 R Cusing™, is used to manufacture 316L additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel specimens. Two levels of porosity are investigated in this study, which was controlled by a suitable combination of scan speed and laser power. The sample with lower level of porosity is obtained with a low scanning speed. Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers are used to generate guided acoustic waves. The signal is excited and propagated through the specimens in a single sided transmission mode setup. Signal processing of the recorded signals for damage analysis involves both linear and nonlinear analyses. Linear ultrasonic parameters such as the time-of-flight and magnitude of the propagating waves are recorded. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, the Sideband Peak Count Index (SPC-I) is obtained by a newly developed nonlinear analysis technique. Results obtained for both specimens are analyzed and compared using both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques. Finally, the effectiveness of SPC-I technique in monitoring porosity levels in AM specimens is discussed.

Ultrasonic SHM Approach to Predict Delamination in a Laminated Beam Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Hussain Altammar ◽  
Nathan Salowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Wave Mode ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Shear Mode ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Laminated Structures

Abstract Ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM), employing embedded piezoelectric elements to actuate and sense ultrasonic waves, has greatly advanced in recent years. This paper presents a novel approach to address the prevailing challenges in the inspection of laminated structures for delamination using shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers, composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a beam-like laminated specimen consisting of internally embedded d15 square PZTs was fabricated with simulated delamination at the interface of an adhesive joint. Evaluation of the results showed that the location of shear-mode actuators is a critical factor to detect delamination and to predict the propagation path of delamination. Delamination initiated close to actuators are more likely to be detected owing to their remarkable sensitivity of structural stiffness surrounding their region. The antisymmetric A0 wave mode generated by these actuators exhibit high interaction with damage, suggesting internally embedded d15 PZTs are a viable approach that can potentially advance the inspection tools of ultrasonic SHM.

Shunt Tuning of a Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Resonator

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muturi G. Muriuki ◽  
William W. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Piezoelectric Material ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Cantilever Beam ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Vibration Frequency ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Beam Resonator ◽  
Piezoelectric Cantilever

This paper presents the design and analysis of a cantilever beam resonator that is driven by a piezoelectric material. The beam is a bimorph structure with Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) and stainless steel or aluminum layers. The PZT layer is electroded in segments to form a sensor and actuator pair for feedback to drive the resonator. An additional PZT segment is used, in conjunction with a capacitive shunt circuit, to change the vibration frequency of the resonator. The study is based on an analytical model of the beam and experimental testing.

A nonlinear ultrasonic method for real-time bolt looseness monitoring using PZT transducer–enabled vibro-acoustic modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Linsheng Huo ◽  
Gangbing Song
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Modulation Method ◽  
Nonlinear Ultrasonic ◽  
Acoustic Modulation ◽  
Nonlinear Ultrasonic Method

A real-time nonlinear ultrasonic method based on vibro-acoustic modulation is applied to monitor early bolt looseness quantitatively by using piezoceramic transducers. In addition to the ability to detect the early bolt looseness, a major contribution is that we replaced the shaker, which is commonly used in a vibro-acoustic modulation method, by a permanently installed and low-cost lead zirconate titanate patch. In vibro-acoustic modulation, when stimulating two input waves with distinctive frequencies, namely the high-frequency probing wave and the low-frequency pumping wave, the high-frequency probing wave will be modulated by the low-frequency pumping wave to generate sidebands in terms of bolt looseness. Thus, the influence of low-frequency voltage amplitudes on the modulation results, which is ambiguous in previous research, is also analyzed in this article. The results of experiment demonstrated that the lead zirconate titanate–enabled vibro-acoustic modulation method is reliable and easy to implement to identify the bolt looseness continuously and quantitatively. In addition, low-frequency amplitudes of actuating voltage should be selected in a reasonable range. Finally, we compared the vibro-acoustic modulation method with the time-reversal method based on the linear ultrasonic theory, and the result illustrates that vibro-acoustic modulation method has better performance in monitoring the early bolt looseness.

Preparation of Sol-Gel Coatings by Electrophoretic Deposition

1994 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Hirashima ◽  
Yusuke Obu ◽  
Takayuki Nagai ◽  
Hiroaki Imai
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Electrophoretic Deposition ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Pzt Films ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Metal Alkoxides ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

ABSTRACTThin films of ZrO2 and lead zirconate-titanate, PZT, about 100 to 1000 nm in thickness, were prepared by electrophoretic deposition from transparent sols obtained by hydrolysis of metal alkoxides. Stainless steel plates and Pt-coated glass plates were used as substrates/electrodes. The applied field was up to 20 V/cm. The refractive indices of as dried films were higher than those of dip-coated films. High temperature oxidation of stainless steel plates was suppressed by the ZrO2 coatings. Uniformity of the chemical composition of the as-dried PZT films, determined by Auger electron spectroscopy, was better than the dip-coated PZT films.

scholarly journals Probing the intrinsic and extrinsic origins of piezoelectricity in lead zirconate titanate single crystals

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1396-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Semën Gorfman ◽  
Hyeokmin Choe ◽  
Tikhon Vergentev ◽  
Vadim Dyadkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Domain Wall Motion ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Analysis Technique

The physical origin of the piezoelectric effect has been the focus of much research work. While it is commonly accepted that the origins of piezoelectricity may be intrinsic (related to the change of lattice parameters) and extrinsic (related to the movement of domain walls), their separation is often a challenging experimental task. Here in situ high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction has been combined with a new data analysis technique to characterize the change of the lattice parameters and domain microstructure of a PbZr1−x Ti x O3 (x = 0.45) crystal under an external electric field. It is shown how `effective piezoelectric coefficients' evolve upon the transition from purely `intrinsic' effects to `extrinsic' ones due to domain-wall motion. This technique and corresponding data analysis can be applied to broader classes of materials and provide important insights into the microscopic origin of their physical properties.

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