MEMS Based One Shot Electro-Thermal Micro-Switches for System Reconfiguration

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pennarun ◽  
Carole Rossi ◽  
Daniel Esteve ◽  
Denis Lagrange
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Etching ◽  
Energetic Material ◽  
Copper Electrodeposition ◽  
High Quality ◽  
System Reconfiguration ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Mems Technology ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Spatial Redundancy

A new concept of one shot micro-switches is proposed. Different switches have been developed to achieve either ON-OFF switching or OFF-ON switching. They are based on electrothermal mechanisms. ON-OFF switching consists in breaking an electrical connection using energetic material or low melting point metal like aluminum. OFF-ON switching consists in micro-soldering locally two electrical connections. Switches commute with a few hundred of mW and do not need energy to stay in the stable OFF or ON state. These switches are particularly adapted to spatial redundancy applications that need high quality contact and reliable commutation even after long time storage. The fabrication process of these switches is based on classic MEMS technology steps (LPCVD, PECVD, copper electrodeposition, lift-off and plasma etching) and is IC compatible. Fabrication yield reaches 99%.

High-speed and high-quality TSV filling with the direct ultrasonic agitation for copper electrodeposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuliang Wang ◽  
Peng Zeng ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Ren ◽  
Hongbin Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Copper Electrodeposition ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ultrasonic Agitation

Bouncing on thin air: how squeeze forces in the air film during non-wetting droplet bouncing lead to momentum transfer and dissipation

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 531-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolet de Ruiter ◽  
Rudy Lagraauw ◽  
Frieder Mugele ◽  
Dirk van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Oscillation Mode ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Droplet Motion ◽  
Solid Substrates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Air Film ◽  
Single Oscillation

Millimetre-sized droplets are able to bounce multiple times on flat solid substrates irrespective of their wettability, provided that a micrometre-thick air layer is sustained below the droplet, limiting $\mathit{We}$ to ${\lesssim}4$. We study the energy conversion during a bounce series by analysing the droplet motion and its shape (decomposed into eigenmodes). Internal modes are excited during the bounce, yet the viscous dissipation associated with the in-flight oscillations accounts for less than 20 % of the total energy loss. This suggests a significant contribution from the bouncing process itself, despite the continuous presence of a lubricating air film below the droplet. To study the role of this air film we visualize it using reflection interference microscopy. We quantify its thickness (typically a few micrometres) with sub-millisecond time resolution and ${\sim}30~\text{nm}$ height resolution. Our measurements reveal strong asymmetry in the air film shape between the spreading and receding phases of the bouncing process. This asymmetry is crucial for effective momentum reversal of the droplet: lubrication theory shows that the dissipative force is repulsive throughout each bounce, even near lift-off, which leads to a high restitution coefficient. After multiple bounces the droplet eventually hovers on the air film, while continuously experiencing a lift force to sustain its weight. Only after a long time does the droplet finally wet the substrate. The observed bounce mechanism can be described with a single oscillation mode model that successfully captures the asymmetry of the air film evolution.

Update on hypnotherapy for psychiatrists

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Chan ◽  
Zhisong Zhang ◽  
Guoxing Yin ◽  
Zhimeng Li ◽  
Roger C. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Outcome Studies ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Evidence Based Therapy

SUMMARY Although hypnosis has played a part in psychotherapy for a long time, it is not yet seen as an evidence-based therapy and is absent from many practice guidelines when it comes to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. At present, the applications and methods of hypnotherapy are poorly understood and other methods of psychotherapy tend to be favoured. This review article aims to introduce the role of hypnotherapy and its application for certain common psychiatric presentations, as well as examine its efficacy by summarising recent evidence from high-quality outcome studies and meta-analyses.

scholarly journals From a smokehouse to a vacuum dehydrator

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Branislav Zlatkovic ◽  
Todor Vulic
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Great Honor ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vacuum Condensation ◽  
Vacuum Dehydration

The tradition of fruit dehydration in Serbia has been long and anviable. It seems that Serbian machine-building in the area of fruit processing technology has given its greatest contribution in this field. It has been one 100 years since the smoking house of Mr Stokovic, PhD was announced to be the best and the most promising plum dehydrator at the open competition organized in Topcider by the Ministry of Agriculture. It was the first real almost continual fruit dehydrator where plums were moved at certain intervals closer and closer to the source of heat. Such a concept of plum dehydration from lower to higher temperatures was held on even later in perhaps our most famous dehydrator CER. Even the smoky smell was retained but liquid fuel was used for technical purposes. For a long time, it has been a well- known fact that vacuum dehydration has many advantages. In our country there have been many attempts to make fruit dehydrator of greater capacities in which vacuum would be used. Of course, there have been many problems, both technical and technological, but today a hundred years after accepting Stojkovic?s smokehouse, it is our great honor to present to you the results of plum dehydration in a home-made vacuum condensation dehydrator. We hope that now path is widely open to high quality dehydration, and not only for that plum, but for fruit susceptible to oxidation which is the reason our food industry has not produced it so far. This is probably a farewell to the most dangerous, but for the product quality, the most necessary operation - sulphuration.

Surface Preparations Impact on 248nm Deep UV Photo Resists Adhesion during a Wet Etch

2012 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Foucaud ◽  
Philippe Garnier ◽  
Vincent Joseph ◽  
Erwine Pargon ◽  
Névine Rochat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Plasma Etching ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Metal Gate ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Gate Oxides ◽  
Process Step ◽  
High K ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Wet Etch

Integrated circuits manufacturing still requires several wet etching operations in presence of photo resist. They are usually used to define the gate oxides or metal in a high k metal gate, gate first integration scheme. During this process step, the resist is used for masking and prevents the underneath material from being etched away. Wet treatments are preferred to plasma etching to perform this operation. Indeed, a smooth channels surface is mandatory to obtain a high carriers mobility. It is then critical to avoid any resist lift-off during the wet treatment in order to guarantee the underlying layers integrity. The observation of the lift-off phenomenon (figure 1) points out two possible root causes: 1) a lateral degradation of the covalent bonds at the interface between the polymer and the underlying material, and 2) a vertical resist degradation, due to the penetration of the etching chemicals into the resist down to the underlying material. Previous observations tend to link the lift-off severity to the bake temperature and the oxidation state of the surface on which the resist is coated.

scholarly journals Is there any intron sliding in mammals?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina V. Poverennaya ◽  
Nadezhda A. Potapova ◽  
Sergey A. Spirin
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Evolutionary Event ◽  
Primate Group ◽  
Genome Annotations ◽  
Gene Orthologs ◽  
Types Of Change

Abstract Background Eukaryotic protein-coding genes consist of exons and introns. Exon–intron borders are conserved between species and thus their changes might be observed only on quite long evolutionary distances. One of the rarest types of change, in which intron relocates over a short distance, is called "intron sliding", but the reality of this event has been debated for a long time. The main idea of a search for intron sliding is to use the most accurate genome annotation and genome sequence, as well as high-quality transcriptome data. We applied them in a search for sliding introns in mammals in order to widen knowledge about the presence or absence of such phenomena in this group. Results We didn’t find any significant evidence of intron sliding in the primate group (human, chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, crab-eating macaque, green monkey, marmoset). Only one possible intron sliding event supported by a set of high quality transcriptomes was observed between EIF1AX human and sheep gene orthologs. Also, we checked a list of previously observed intron sliding events in mammals and showed that most likely they are artifacts of genome annotations and are not shown in subsequent annotation versions as well as are not supported by transcriptomic data. Conclusions We assume that intron sliding is indeed a very rare evolutionary event if it exists at all. Every case of intron sliding needs a lot of supportive data for detection and confirmation.

scholarly journals Labelling Training Samples Using Crowdsourcing Annotation for Recommendation

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Qingren Wang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Tao Tao ◽  
Victor S. Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Training Sample ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Inference Algorithms ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
Expert Annotation ◽  
Long Time

The supervised learning-based recommendation models, whose infrastructures are sufficient training samples with high quality, have been widely applied in many domains. In the era of big data with the explosive growth of data volume, training samples should be labelled timely and accurately to guarantee the excellent recommendation performance of supervised learning-based models. Machine annotation cannot complete the tasks of labelling training samples with high quality because of limited machine intelligence. Although expert annotation can achieve a high accuracy, it requires a long time as well as more resources. As a new way of human intelligence to participate in machine computing, crowdsourcing annotation makes up for shortages of machine annotation and expert annotation. Therefore, in this paper, we utilize crowdsourcing annotation to label training samples. First, a suitable crowdsourcing mechanism is designed to create crowdsourcing annotation-based tasks for training sample labelling, and then two entropy-based ground truth inference algorithms (i.e., HILED and HILI) are proposed to achieve quality improvement of noise labels provided by the crowd. In addition, the descending and random order manners in crowdsourcing annotation-based tasks are also explored. The experimental results demonstrate that crowdsourcing annotation significantly improves the performance of machine annotation. Among the ground truth inference algorithms, both HILED and HILI improve the performance of baselines; meanwhile, HILED performs better than HILI.

Alternative Materials for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Device Construction

1992 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Hackeit ◽  
L. E. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Etching ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Low Temperature Processing ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Silicon Based ◽  
Process Constraints

ABSTRACTIn order to integrate micro actuators with III-V semiconductor devices, we have devised Micro-Electro-Mechanical devices (MEM's), constructed from materials and processes common to existing III-V device processing. These processes are substantially different from silicon based processes because of the requirements for low temperature processing and the use of gold-based metallizations.Our material choices include, vacuum deposited and plated metal films, silicon oxide and nitride dielectric layers, and polyimide layers and structures. Sacrificial layers are implemented with photoresist rather than the more common silicon dioxide. The processes available are based on the ‘lift off’ of unwanted areas of the metal films, wet plating of metals through openings in photoresist masks, and wet and plasma etching of metals and dielectrics.This paper will discuss why we are using these materials, the process constraints imposed by the materials, the measurement of some of the material properties, and will relate some progress in applications.

Influence of Einzel Lens Structure on the Performance of a Microcolumn Fabricated through MEMS Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 1001-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Krishna Suwal ◽  
Anjli Sharma ◽  
Young Bok Lee ◽  
Tae Sik Oh ◽  
Dae Wook Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Surface Inspection ◽  
Electron Optical System ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Electrostatic Lens ◽  
Mems Technology ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Quality Imaging

Microcolumn, a miniaturized electron optical system, is a powerful tool in manipulating electron beam for maskless direct e-beam lithography and miniaturized low voltage SEM for surface inspection, testing, and metrology. The basic parts of microcolumn are electron emitter, source lens, deflector, and Einzel lens. There are still several challenges in optimization of each component for better performance of microcolumn for aberration-free high quality imaging and large field of view. For the improvement of microcolumn, we developed a fabrication technique of making thin electrostatic lens using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) processes. Two types of microcolumns have been assembled by varying the spaces between Einzel lens-electrodes, and their performance have been evaluated for the comparison. The scan range is found to be increased with reducing the gap between the lenses and increasing working distance. The effect of the spatial gap on the scan range and image is analyzed through simulation study on the electric potential and field strength.

Nanoadditives - Future of High Performance Concrete

2017 ◽  
Vol 908 ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Martin Labaj ◽  
Jaroslav Válek ◽  
Tomáš Jarolím ◽  
Lucia Osuská
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Cement Stone ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Concrete Technology ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

These days it is almost impossible to imagine the technology of high performance concrete without the use of any kind of additive. Whether it is a material capable of achieving high strength, excellent mobility of the fresh mix without losing cohesion or producing high quality architectural concrete surface, microadditives have their certain place for a long time now. Although the research in this field still has something to offer, it does not hurt to try to consider the future and imagine the path that will be taken in the production of high performance concrete of next generation. The article deals with the possibility of using nanoparticles in concrete technology. These materials can actively participate in the creation of very high-quality cement stone. In addition, due to the extreme reactivity of nanoparticles, these reactions can take place almost immediately after the onset of hydration and during its first hours. The experimental part of the paper assesses the impact of nanoparticles on selected properties of fresh cement paste and hardened cement mortar. In all cases, there was a positive effect and it has been demonstrated that nanoparticles may eventually create a new category of high performance concrete additives.

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