A Statistical Approach to Ranking Similarities of Three Function Structure Groups Using Directed Graphs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana M. Lucero ◽  
Matthew J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Functional Representation ◽  
Structure Databases ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Function Structures

Prior efforts in the study of engineering design employed various approaches to decompose product design. Design engineers use functional representation, and more precisely function structures, to define a product’s functionality. However, significant barriers remain to objectively quantifying the similarity between two function structures, even for the same product when developed by multiple designers. For function-structure databases this means that function-structures are implicitly categorized leaving the possibility of incorrect categorization and reducing efficacy of returned analogous correlations. Improvements to efficacy in database organization and queries are possible by objectively quantifying the similarity between function structures. The proposed method exploits fundamental properties of function-structures and design taxonomies. We convert function-structures into directed graphs (digraphs) and equivalent adjacency matrices. The conversion maintains the directed (function → flow → function) progression inherent to function-structures and enables the transformation of the function-structure into a standardized graph. For design taxonomies (e.g. D-APPS), graph nodes represent flows in a consistent (but arbitrary) ordering. By exploiting the directional properties of function-structures and defining the flows as the graphical nodes, the objective and standardized comparison of two function-structures becomes feasible. We statistically quantify the association between digraphs using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) for both within-group and between-group comparisons. The method was tested on three product types (ball thrower, food processor, and an ice cream maker) with function-structures defined by various designers. The method suggested herein is provided as a proof-of-concept with suggested verification and validation approaches for further development.

scholarly journals New Sensor for Medium- and High-Voltage Measurement

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4654
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wetula ◽  
Andrzej Bień ◽  
Mrunal Parekh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Finite Element Method Simulation ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Power Electronic ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Voltage Measurement ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Narrow Frequency Band ◽  
Further Development

Measurements of medium and high voltages in a power grid are normally performed with large and bulky voltage transformers or capacitive dividers. Besides installation problems, these devices operate in a relatively narrow frequency band, which limits their usability in modern systems that are saturated with power electronic devices. A sensor that can be installed directly on a wire and can operate without a galvanic connection to the ground may be used as an alternative voltage measurement device. This type of voltage sensor can complement current sensors installed on a wire, forming a complete power acquisition system. This paper presents such a sensor. Our sensor is built using two dielectric elements with different permeability coefficients. A finite element method simulation is used to estimate the parameters of a constructed sensor. Besides simulations, a laboratory model of a sensor was built and tested in a medium-voltage substation. Our results provide a proof of concept for the presented sensor. Some errors in voltage reconstruction have been traced to an oversimplified data acquisition and transmission system, which has to be improved during the further development of the sensor.

scholarly journals Conceptual Design of Electromechanical Actuation Systems for Large-Sized Directional Control Valves

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Tobias Vonderbank ◽  
Katharina Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conceptual Designs ◽  
Actuation Systems ◽  
Electromechanical Actuation ◽  
Function Structures ◽  
Valve Actuation

Increasing performance in modern hydraulics is achieved by a close investigation of possible enhancements of its components. Prior research has pointed out that electromechanical actuators can form suitable alternatives to hydraulically piloted control systems. Since the requirements at these actuation systems depend on the operating conditions of the system, each actuator can be optimized to the respective hydraulic system. Considering that many different conceptual designs are suitable, the phase of conceptual design plays a decisive role during the design process. Therefore, this paper focuses on the process of developing new conceptual designs for electromechanical valve actuation systems using the method of function structures. Aiming to identify special design features, which need to be considered during the design process of electromechanical actuation systems, an exemplary actuator was designed based on the derived function structure. To highlight the potential of function structures for the development of new electromechanical valve actuation systems, two principal concepts, which allow the reduction of the necessary forces, have been developed by extending the function structure. These concepts have been experimentally investigated to identify their advantages and disadvantages.

Energy Analysis to the Design of Rotor-Bearing Systems

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Rotor Bearing ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Vibration Problems ◽  
Fundamental Physical

In the design of rotating machinery, it is often desirable and necessary to change a subset of system parameters to meet the design requirements. The success in designing rotor bearing systems and/or in solving the vibration problems depends heavily upon the understanding of fundamental physical properties and insights of the systems. The modeling improvements and computational techniques have been extensively presented over the years. The design methodologies and fundamental properties have not been widely addressed to assist design engineers in solving their practical problems. The objective of this paper is to relate the various forms of energy and work and their contributions to the system dynamic characteristics. The design strategies and methodologies using the energy approach are also presented and illustrated in a turbine driven machine.

Identifying Product Portfolio Architecture Modularity Using Function and Variety Heuristics

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Zamirowski ◽  
Kevin N. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Product Variety ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Customer Needs ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Individual Product ◽  
Product Function ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Function Structures

Abstract This paper proposes a method for identifying product portfolio architecture alternatives based upon customer needs and product function. Customer needs and uses are interpreted according to the variation in performance target values across the market and within the set of individual customer uses. Product uses are represented by function structures consisting of the functions necessary for achieving the use. These individual product use function structures are combined into a monolithic function structure to represent the entire product portfolio. This monolith is then partitioned according to function and product variety heuristics into function clusters that anticipate product modules. This candidate modularity can then be used to deliver product variety across the product portfolio given functional constraints. A portfolio of xerographic products is used as the working example.

Development of a Smartphone Based Reader for the Quantitative Analysis of Lateral Flow Assays

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 2522-2527
Author(s):  
Sylvio Schneider ◽  
Martina Selig ◽  
Verena Keil ◽  
Matthias Lehmann ◽  
Andreas H. Foitzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Lateral Flow Assays ◽  
Further Development ◽  
D Dimer

Smartphones are developing into all-purposes devices. In the present work, the employment/application of smartphones as medical devices in home care and point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are investigated in the analysis of Lateral Flow Assays (LFA). A smartphone-based LFA reader was developed for the quantitative analysis of D-Dimer – a biomarker indicating e.g. thrombotic event or danger of embolism.The proof-of-concept has been shown with multiple smartphones in establishing: (I) Optimal dimensions of the LFA cell of 72.11mm distance of smartphone to D-Dimer test leading to a coefficients of variances (CV) between 0.8% and 4.2%. (II) Inter-device investigations: CVs around 13.5%; a limit of detection (LOD) of 100ng/ml (DDU) D-Dimer. (III) Inter-smartphone investigations: CV about 16%, a limit of detection (LOD) at 66.4ng/ml (DDU). (IV) Calibrations: CV and LOD of three smartphones are comparable to the commercial available LFA reader. Further development to put the multiple smartphone-based LFA reader on the market.

Development and Validation of the Minnesota Inference Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 153450842093778
Author(s):  
Panayiota Kendeou ◽  
Kristen L. McMaster ◽  
Reese Butterfuss ◽  
Jasmine Kim ◽  
Susan Slater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progress Monitoring ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Technical Adequacy ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Parallel Forms ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Further Development

The overall aim of the current investigation was to develop and validate the initial version of the Minnesota Inference Assessment (MIA). MIA is a web-based measure of inference processes in K–2. MIA leverages the affordances of different media to evaluate inference processes in a nonreading context, using age-appropriate fiction and nonfiction videos coupled with questioning. We evaluated MIA’s technical adequacy in a proof-of-concept study. Taken together, the results support the interpretation that MIA shows promise as a valid and reliable measure of inferencing in a nonreading context for students in Grades K–2. Future directions involve further development of multiple, parallel forms that can be used for progress monitoring in K–2.

A Method for Improving Component Decoupling Using Advanced Capacitor Under Ball Grid Array (ACUB)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Dishongh ◽  
Damion Searls ◽  
Weston C. Roth ◽  
Erik Peter
Keyword(s):  
Transient Response ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Power Delivery ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Current Path ◽  
Component Assembly ◽  
Board Level ◽  
Dc Current ◽  
Further Development

Industry demands on power delivery continue to increase with higher performance silicon products. As a result, higher current sustainability and better transient response are key parameters frequently sought in successful power delivery designs. One key design feature for improved transient response involves locating decoupling capacitance as close to the load as possible. At the board level, this is typically accomplished by placing capacitors around the immediate vicinity of the load. With a set of identical capacitors in parallel, total capacitance is essentially a multiple of the number of caps while the effective series resistance and inductance is divided. However the realities of package and motherboard design can often limit the number and size of the capacitors placed in the vicinity of the load. In some cases, the capacitors may interfere with other routings to and from the component. In other cases, placement of the capacitors with respect to the DC current path may limit their effectiveness by inducing a large effective series inductance to the load. This paper describes a potential design method for maximizing capacitor effectiveness while minimizing its impact on other board features. The design is primarily implemented in board assembly and involves placing capacitors directly between power and ground board-component solder joints. As an extension of Capacitor Under BGA designs, this method is termed Advanced Capacitor Under BGA (ACUB). Using ACUB can improve load decoupling, but can require new approaches to board and component assembly. This paper discusses a number of potential design improvements allowed for using this design approach. In addition, factors involved in successful assembly are discussed and sets of proof-of-concept prototype designs are presented along with assembly results. From this, some designs with potential for further development are identified and next steps discussed.

Technique Employing Topology Optimisation to Determine Panel-to-Panel Support Bracket Positions in a Spacecraft Body

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
A.A. Borovikov ◽  
A.G. Leonov ◽  
O.N. Tushev
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Topology Optimisation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Early Design Stages ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Further Development

The paper presents a real-time technique for determining the minimum number of panel-to-panel support brackets in an unpressurised spacecraft body and their installation positions employing topology optimisation in order to satisfy the dynamic compatibility requirements between the spacecraft and its launch vehicle. These support brackets connect honeycomb panels of the spacecraft body, which form the foundation of its structural design. The technique should be used at early design stages (such as pilot project and draft design) to generate structural design options in real time. We provide a general approach to using the technique as well as its detailed description based on a test problem example utilising the MSC. Patran/Nastran software package. We stated the optimisation problem mathematically and described its parameter selection. We list primary advantages and disadvantages of this technique as compared to the classical use of topology optimisation. Results obtained via the technique proposed may be used as guidelines for design engineers developing design documentation. The paper also outlines potential further development of the technique.

The Effects of Language and Pruning on Function Structure Interpretability

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Caldwell ◽  
Jonathan E. Thomas ◽  
Chiradeep Sen ◽  
Gregory M. Mocko ◽  
Joshua D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Design Recommendations ◽  
Functional Basis ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Free Language ◽  
Function Structures

In this research, the interpretability of function structures is evaluated through a user study in which participants are given function structures and asked to identify the product that is modeled. Two abstraction factors are controlled in the experiment: the type of functions and the specificity of the terms, thus resulting in functional models are four level of abstraction. The user study shows that free language significantly improves the accuracy and speed of human interpretability over the functional basis vocabulary. Further, pruned function structures significantly improve the speed of interpretability over reverse-engineered function structures without a loss of accuracy. It is concluded that the levels of each factor are useful for different activities and stages of design. Recommendations are made for the appropriate combinations of factor levels for various design activities.

Impact of Level of Detail and Information Content on Accuracy of Function Structure-Based Market Price Prediction Models

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaninder Singh Gill ◽  
Joshua D. Summers ◽  
Cameron J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Model Set ◽  
Function Structures

This paper explores the amount of information stored in the representational components of a function structure: vocabulary, grammar, and topology. This is done by classifying the previously developed functional composition rules into vocabulary, grammatical, and topological classes and applying them to function structures available in an external design repository. The pruned function structures of electromechanical devices are then evaluated for how accurately market values can be predicted using graph complexity connectivity method. The accuracy is inversely with amount of information and level of detail. Applying the topological rule does not significantly impact the predictive power of the models, while applying the vocabulary rules and the grammar rules reduce the accuracy of the predictions. Finally, the least predictive model set is that which had all rules applied. In this manner, the value of a representation to predict or answer questions is quantified through this research approach.

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