Calculation of Water That Flows in River in North District, Japan

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Satoh ◽  
Mikio Sasaki ◽  
Takahiro Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Snowmelt Model ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
Good Agreement

In this study, two models for snow and snowmelt were extended. Using those models, the calculation of water flowing in river was carried out. The results were compared with the observations. The outflow estimated by using the snow model in winter is in good agreement with the observations, and the snowmelt runoff predicted by using the snowmelt model in spring, April, May and June, is also at the good accuracy. The snowmelt runoff starts increasing from the early April, and it reaches the peak in the early May.

scholarly journals Assimilation of snow cover and snow depth into a snow model to estimate snow water equivalent and snowmelt runoff in a Himalayan catchment

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1647-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy E. Stigter ◽  
Niko Wanders ◽  
Tuomo M. Saloranta ◽  
Joseph M. Shea ◽  
Marc F. P. Bierkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Snow Model

Abstract. Snow is an important component of water storage in the Himalayas. Previous snowmelt studies in the Himalayas have predominantly relied on remotely sensed snow cover. However, snow cover data provide no direct information on the actual amount of water stored in a snowpack, i.e., the snow water equivalent (SWE). Therefore, in this study remotely sensed snow cover was combined with in situ observations and a modified version of the seNorge snow model to estimate (climate sensitivity of) SWE and snowmelt runoff in the Langtang catchment in Nepal. Snow cover data from Landsat 8 and the MOD10A2 snow cover product were validated with in situ snow cover observations provided by surface temperature and snow depth measurements resulting in classification accuracies of 85.7 and 83.1 % respectively. Optimal model parameter values were obtained through data assimilation of MOD10A2 snow maps and snow depth measurements using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Independent validations of simulated snow depth and snow cover with observations show improvement after data assimilation compared to simulations without data assimilation. The approach of modeling snow depth in a Kalman filter framework allows for data-constrained estimation of snow depth rather than snow cover alone, and this has great potential for future studies in complex terrain, especially in the Himalayas. Climate sensitivity tests with the optimized snow model revealed that snowmelt runoff increases in winter and the early melt season (December to May) and decreases during the late melt season (June to September) as a result of the earlier onset of snowmelt due to increasing temperature. At high elevation a decrease in SWE due to higher air temperature is (partly) compensated by an increase in precipitation, which emphasizes the need for accurate predictions on the changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation along with changes in temperature.

scholarly journals Performance Characteristics of UV and Visible Spectrophotometry Methods for Quantitative Determination of Norfloxacin in Tablets

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chierentin ◽  
H. R. N. Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Chloranilic Acid ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Label Claim ◽  
Acid Reagent ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Good Agreement

This work has proposed the development and validation of ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) spectrophotometric methods for the determination of norfloxacin in the tablets. The proposed methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulation and percent amount of drug estimated (96.08% for UV method and 102.65% for Vis method) and was found in good agreement with the label claim. Using the UV method norfloxacin showed an absorption maximum at 277 nm, in 0.1 M hydrochloridric acid medium, whereas for the Vis spectrophotometric method it reacts with chloranilic acid reagent, forming a purple solution with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The calibrations curves were linear over the working range of 2.0-7.0 ?g.mL-1 for the UV method and 90.0-120.0 ?g/mL for the Vis method. The linear regression equation for UV method was y = 0.1303x+0.0026 (r2=0.9999) and for Vis method y = 0.0037x-0.0069 (r2 = 0.9948), they proved to be linear. The methods were completely validated according to the International Conference Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, showing good accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity and robustness. Therefore the both methods were found to be simple, rapid, sensitive, and easily contributing to the quality control of norfloxacin tablets while being interchangeable. © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i3.18381 J. Sci. Res. 6 (3), 531-541 (2014)

scholarly journals Spin Splitting Spectroscopy of Heavy Quark and Antiquarks Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hesham Mansour ◽  
Ahmed Gamal ◽  
M. Abolmahassen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Spin Splitting ◽  
Energy Eigenvalues ◽  
Central Case ◽  
Nu Method ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Good Agreement

Phenomenological potentials describe the quarkonium systems like c c ¯ , b b , ¯   and   b ¯ c where they give a good accuracy for the mass spectra. In the present work, we extend one of our previous works in the central case by adding spin-dependent terms to allow for relativistic corrections. By using such terms, we get better accuracy than previous theoretical calculations. In the present work, the mass spectra of the bound states of heavy quarks   c c ¯ , b b ¯ , and 𝐵𝑐 mesons are studied within the framework of the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation. First, we solve Schrödinger’s equation by Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. The energy eigenvalues are presented using our new potential. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data and are better than the previous theoretical estimates.

scholarly journals Model Sophistication in Relation to Scales in Snowmelt Runoff Modeling

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 267-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bengtsson ◽  
Vijay P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Groundwater Origin ◽  
Runoff Modeling ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Snowmelt induced runoff from river basins is usually successfully simulated using a simple degree-day approach and conceptual rainfall-runoff models. Fluctuations within the day can not be described by such crude approaches. In the present paper, it is investigated which degree of sophistication is required in snow models and runoff models to resolve the basin runoff from basins of different character, and also how snow models and runoff models must adapt to each other. Models of different degree of sophistication are tested on basins ranging from 6,000 km2 down to less than 1 km2. It is found that for large basins it is sufficient to use a very simple runoff module and a degree day approach, but that the snow model has to be distributed related to land cover and topography. Also for small forested basins, where most of the stream flow is of groundwater origin, the degree-day method combined with a conceptual runoff model reproduces the snowmelt induced runoff well. Where overland flow takes place, a high resolution snow model is required for resolving the runoff fluctuations at the basin outlet.

scholarly journals Climate sensitivity of snow water equivalent and snowmelt runoff in a Himalayan catchment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy E. Stigter ◽  
Niko Wanders ◽  
Tuomo M. Saloranta ◽  
Joseph M. Shea ◽  
Marc F.P. Bierkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract. Snow is an important component of water storage in the Himalayas. Previous snowmelt studies in the Himalayas have predominantly relied on remotely sensed snow cover. However this provides no information on the actual amount of water stored in a snowpack i.e. the snow water equivalent (SWE). Therefore, in this study remotely sensed snow cover was combined with in situ meteorological observations and a modified version of the seNorge snow model to estimate climate sensitivity of SWE and snowmelt runoff in the Langtang catchment in Nepal. Landsat 8 and MOD10A2 snow cover maps were validated with in situ snow cover observations provided by surface temperature and snow depth measurements resulting in classification accuracies of 85.7 % and 83.1 % respectively. Optimal model parameter values were obtained through data assimilation of MOD10A2 snow maps and snow depth measurements using an Ensemble Kalman filter. The approach of modelling snow depth in a Kalman filter framework allows for data-constrained estimation of SWE rather than snow cover alone and this has great potential for future studies in the Himalayas. Climate sensitivity tests with the optimized snow model show a strong decrease in SWE in the valley with increasing temperature. However, at high elevation a decrease in SWE is (partly) compensated by an increase in precipitation, which emphasizes the need for accurate predictions on the changes in the spatial distribution of precipitation along with changes in temperature. Finally the climate sensitivity study revealed that snowmelt runoff increases in winter and early melt season (December to May) and decreases during the late melt season (June to September) as a result of the earlier onset of snowmelt due to increasing temperature.

scholarly journals Fourth Derivative and Compensated Area under the Curve Spectrophotometric Methods Used for Analysis Meloxicam in the Local Market Tablet

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Ruba Fahmi Abbas ◽  
Neda Ibrahim Mahdi ◽  
Ali Amer Waheb Amer Waheb ◽  
Amjad Gali Aliwi Gali Aliwi ◽  
Marwa S. Falih
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Linear Calibration ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Fourth Derivative ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Tablet Dosage ◽  
Good Agreement

Two Rapid, direct, ecological friendly and economical spectrophotometric methods were used for estimation of meloxicam in the market Tablet dosage form. The First method is based on the use the fourth order derivative spectrum (D4) and the second method is depend-ed on the ratio of the area under the curve for the two peaks in the drug (Compensated area under the curve). The linear calibration graphs of the two methods were measured in the con-centration range (5-35)mg/l and the average of recoveries for local market Tablet (AWA)® were 99.8% for D4 method and 100.2% for CAUC method which indicating a good accuracy and precision for these methods. In this study, the results obtained by these suggested meth-ods have been successfully statistically compared by t-test and Mann-Whitney test showed a good agreement.

Modeling of TCP Muscles for Understanding Actuation Behavior

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Karami ◽  
Yonas Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Thermal Stimuli ◽  
Thermal Part ◽  
Very High ◽  
Good Agreement

Twisted and Coiled Polymers (TCP) muscles are actuators that generate force and linear displacement in response to thermal stimuli. Their length changes significantly by heating due to a high negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). A mathematical model for predicting the behavior of TCP muscles is essential for exploiting maximum advantage from these actuators and also controlling them. In this work, a simple, practical, and accurate model for predicting the displacement of TCP muscles, as a function of input electrical actuation and load, is derived. The problem is broken down into two, i.e. modeling of the thermal and thermo-elastic part. For the first part, a differential equation with changing electrical resistance term is derived. In the next step, by using a temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity and CTE as well as taking the geometry of muscles into account, an expression for displacement as a function of temperature and load is proposed. Experimental actuation data of a TCP muscle is used for verifying the model and investigating its accuracy. The thermal part shows a good agreement between the simulation and experimental result. The displacement part also has a good accuracy for medium and high actuation currents but there is a mismatch in very high current magnitudes. The cause of the discrepancy is explained and recommendations are made for the best performance of TCP muscles.

scholarly journals A Coupled Model to Simulate Snow Behavior on Roads

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Bouilloud ◽  
Eric Martin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
The Road ◽  
Snow Model ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Decision Making Tool

Abstract To develop a decision-making tool for road management in winter, a numerical model resulting from the coupling of a soil model and a snow model was developed and validated using experimental results from a comprehensive experimental field campaign during three winters (1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000). The coupling of the models has been done through an implicit calculation of the conduction flux between snow and road. An equivalent thermal resistance has been used to take into account the different road–snow interface configurations. For this purpose, a parameterization of water-saturated snow was introduced. This model permits the simulation of the snow behavior on a road, and it takes into account different interfacial configurations according to snow and road types and the snowpack evolution (freezing, melting, grain type). Comparisons of experimental and simulated results for typical snowfall events or over the entire winter showed that the model was able to simulate road surface temperature, snow occurrence on the road, and snow-layer evolution with good accuracy.

An Experimental Study of Confined Masonry Walls with Varying Aspect Ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Perez Gavilan ◽  
L. E. Flores ◽  
S. M. Alcocer
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Ductility Demand ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good Agreement

Results from an experimental series of seven full-scale confined masonry walls with height-to-length aspect ratios ( H/L) from 0.3 up to 2.2 are summarized. Results show that neither the level of axial stress nor the aspect ratio had a significant effect on lateral stiffness. Inelastic behavior of the walls, characterized by normalized stiffness degradation with ductility demand, can be estimated with good accuracy with a bilinear function for a ductility demand up to 4.5. A substantial increase in normalized shear strength was observed for walls with decreasing aspect ratio. A correction factor to the nominal cracking strength was deduced based on differences of the flexural deformations for squat and square walls. The factor was then compared to the experimental normalized strength with good agreement. A new expression for inclined cracking shear that can be used for a wide range of wall aspect ratios is proposed.

scholarly journals Improvements to ion-correlation experiments in dense plasmas

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Shiwai ◽  
A. Djaoui ◽  
T. A. Hall ◽  
G. J. Tallents ◽  
S. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Dense Plasma ◽  
Coupling Parameter ◽  
Correlation Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dense Plasmas ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Good Agreement

Improved measurements of ion-correlation effects in a dense shock-compressed plasma are presented. The extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) technique on the aluminum K edge is used to observe the short-range order within a dense plasma. Densities of about three times solid density were measured with good accuracy. The experimental measurements of density give results that are in good agreement with the MEDUSA onedimensional fluid code predictions. The improved quality of the data enabled us to calculate the ion coupling parameter during the compression and the subsequent heating of the plasma. An estimation of the temperature is given on the basis of published models, and an approximate agreement is obtained with the MEDUSA code predictions.

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