High Temperature Reactor: Driving Force to Convert CO2 to Fuel

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Jet Propulsion ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The rapidly increasing cost of petroleum products and uncertainty of long-term supply have prompted the U.S. military to aggressively pursue production of alternative fuels (synfuels) such as coal-to-liquids (CTL). U.S. Air Force is particularly active in this effort while the entire military is involved in simultaneously developing fuel specifications for alternative fuels that enable a single fuel for the entire battle space; all ground vehicles, aircraft and fuel cells. By limiting its focus on coal, tar sands and oil shale resources, the military risks violating federal law which requires the use of synfuels that have lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions less than or equal to emissions from conventional petroleum fuels. A climate-friendly option would use a high temperature nuclear reactor to split water. The hydrogen (H2) would be used in the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) to react with carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and water. The oxygen (O2) would be fed into a supercritical (SC) coal furnace. The flue gas CO2 emissions would be stripped of impurities before reacting with H2 in a RWGS process. Resultant carbon monoxide (CO) is fed, with additional H2, (extra H2 needed to adjust the stoichiometry: 2 moles H2 to one mole CO) into a conventional Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to produce a heavy wax which is cracked and isomerized and refined to Jet Propulsion 8 (JP-8) and Jet Propulsion 5 (JP-5) fuels. The entire process offers valuable carbon-offsets and multiple products that contribute to lower synfuel costs and to comply with the federal limitation imposed on synfuel purchases. While the entire process is not commercially available, component parts are being researched; their physical and chemical properties understood and some are state-of-the-art technologies. An international consortium should complete physical, chemical and economic flow sheets to determine the feasibility of this concept that, if pursued, has broad applications to military and civilian aviation fleets and freight-hauling diesel engines.

Methodological approaches to modeling the conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products due to evaporation from tanks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-393
Author(s):  
Кonstantin Е. Lesnykh ◽  
◽  
Aleksey А. Korshak ◽  
Nafis N. Khafizov ◽  
Andrey A. Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Main Pipelines ◽  
Pumping Rates ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products during transportation through the main pipelines are considered and it is established that the main sources of these losses are large and small airflows of reservoirs. The value of technological losses from evaporation from tanks depends on a large number of factors, in particular: storage temperatures, pumping rates, tank filling heights, physical and chemical properties of the transported liquid, tanks turnover. Until now, a unified approach to the procedure for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of technological losses from the evaporation of hydrocarbons during storage has not been developed, which leads to disagreements in assessing the actual losses of energy carriers. According to the analysis, it was found that the best is the calculation method for determining the actual irrecoverable losses of hydrocarbons. Its application involves the use of mathematical relationships that describe the dynamics of evaporation of oil and petroleum products in real conditions. To establish such relationships, it is proposed to develop and implement a unit that enables simulation of the process of evaporation from tanks under various conditions and obtaining experimental data taking into account a combination of a variety of factors that affect the amount of the technological losses.

scholarly journals Reactive plasma cleaning and restoration of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniil Marinov ◽  
Jean-François de Marneffe ◽  
Quentin Smets ◽  
Goutham Arutchelvan ◽  
Kristof M. Bal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenides ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Plasma Cleaning ◽  
Transition Metal Dichalcogenide

AbstractThe cleaning of two-dimensional (2D) materials is an essential step in the fabrication of future devices, leveraging their unique physical, optical, and chemical properties. Part of these emerging 2D materials are transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). So far there is limited understanding of the cleaning of “monolayer” TMD materials. In this study, we report on the use of downstream H2 plasma to clean the surface of monolayer WS2 grown by MOCVD. We demonstrate that high-temperature processing is essential, allowing to maximize the removal rate of polymers and to mitigate damage caused to the WS2 in the form of sulfur vacancies. We show that low temperature in situ carbonyl sulfide (OCS) soak is an efficient way to resulfurize the material, besides high-temperature H2S annealing. The cleaning processes and mechanisms elucidated in this work are tested on back-gated field-effect transistors, confirming that transport properties of WS2 devices can be maintained by the combination of H2 plasma cleaning and OCS restoration. The low-damage plasma cleaning based on H2 and OCS is very reproducible, fast (completed in a few minutes) and uses a 300 mm industrial plasma etch system qualified for standard semiconductor pilot production. This process is, therefore, expected to enable the industrial scale-up of 2D-based devices, co-integrated with silicon technology.

scholarly journals Use of Families of Euphorbiaceae for the Production of Biodiesel in Semiarid Areas

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Noé Anes García ◽  
Antonio Luis Marqués Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Semiarid Areas ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Improved Characteristics ◽  
Made In

In recent years, developments made to reduce the consequences generated using petroleum products have been strengthening; therefore, biofuels have become a requirement in different countries worldwide with the objective of reducing not only the high levels of current pollution, but also mitigating the effects generated by global warming. Despite the advances that have been made in the field of research on Jatropha, it is still necessary to carry out more detailed studies aimed at achieving a better use of it, identifying the influence of its physical–chemical properties in terms of quality levels, as well as determining its behavior when mixed with palm oil to achieve a biodiesel with better yields, whose impact will be reflected mainly in the environmental field, helping to mitigate the production of greenhouse gases that are produced by petroleum products. Although currently the biofuels sector has made important advances in research, it is necessary to deepen the physical–chemical analyses both in the production and storage processes of biodiesel, so that in the future it can be fully fulfilled with the energy requirements that are currently only achieved with fossil fuels, so it is necessary to direct this research toward the development of new products with improved characteristics, especially when exposed to prolonged storage times and low temperatures.

A New Method of Producing Carbon Anode by High-Temperature Mould Pressing

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 611-616
Author(s):  
Yao Wu Wang ◽  
Nai Xiang Feng ◽  
Jing You
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
New Method ◽  
Carbon Anode ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Carbon Anodes

Laboratory-scale carbon anodes were produced by a new method of high-temperature mould pressing, and their physico-chemical properties were studied in laboratory. The results showed that the bulk density of carbon anodes produced by high-temperature mould pressing are 1.61-1.63g/cm3, they are higher than industrial carbon anode by 0.06 g/cm3, but the specific electrical resistance is higher and crushing strength is lower.

Design and use of an Efficient Plasma Jet Reactor for High Temperature Gas/Solid Reactions

1983 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Giacobbe ◽  
D. W. Schmerling
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Discharge Region ◽  
Plasma Flame ◽  
Powdered Carbon ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Experimental Trials

ABSTRACTA unique and efficient plasma jet reactor has been developed and used to study the high temperature production of carbon monoxide from a reaction between powdered carbon and a pure carbon dioxide plasma. The plasma jet reactor was designed to allow the injection of powdered carbon above the arc discharge region rather than into the plasma flame below the arc discharge region. High yields of carbon monoxide, produced at relatively high efficiencies, were a direct result of this technique. The plasma jet was also designed to enable rapid changing and testing of various anode insertsAverage yields of carbon monoxide in the product gases were as high as 80–87% in selected experimental trials. Carbon monoxide was produced at rates exceeding 15,000 1/hr (at STP) with a power expenditure of 52 Kw.

Influence of Regeneration Condition on Physical and Chemical Properties of High Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization Sorbent

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 658-661
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Shang Guan Ju ◽  
Yu Kun Gao ◽  
Yan Hui Hu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Regeneration Condition ◽  
Atmosphere Temperature ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Physical and chemical properties are closely related to desulfurization, regeneration performance and cycle stability for high temperature coal gas desulfurizer. This review focuses on influence rules of changes in regeneration atmosphere, temperature and space velocity on physical and chemical properties. A large number of experimental researches have shown that regeneration atmosphere, regeneration temperature, space velocity have an important influence on mechanical strength, active component and texture change for high temperature coal gas desulfurizer. The different regeneration atmosphere obviously results in different active ingredients for desulfurization sorbent after regeneration, and regeneration at a higher regeneration temperature will easily cause desulfurizer sintering, as well as small regeneration space velocity can lead to the formation of sulfates. In order to make the circulatory system of sulfidation-regeneration-sulfidation need to the requirements in industrial application, the further research of influence rules of regeneration condition on physical and chemical properties will be crucial.

An Air-Brayton Nuclear-Hydrogen Combined-Cycle Peak- and Base-Load Electric Plant

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
High Temperature Reactor ◽  
Base Load

A combined-cycle power plant is proposed that uses heat from a high-temperature nuclear reactor and hydrogen produced by the high-temperature reactor to meet base-load and peak-load electrical demands. For base-load electricity production, air is compressed; flows through a heat exchanger, where it is heated to between 700 and 900°C; and exits through a high-temperature gas turbine to produce electricity. The heat, via an intermediate heat-transport loop, is provided by a high-temperature reactor. The hot exhaust from the Brayton-cycle turbine is then fed to a heat recovery steam generator that provides steam to a steam turbine for added electrical power production. To meet peak electricity demand, after nuclear heating of the compressed air, hydrogen is injected into the combustion chamber, combusts, and heats the air to 1300°C—the operating conditions for a standard natural-gas-fired combined-cycle plant. This process increases the plant efficiency and power output. Hydrogen is produced at night by electrolysis or other methods using energy from the nuclear reactor and is stored until needed. Therefore, the electricity output to the electric grid can vary from zero (i.e., when hydrogen is being produced) to the maximum peak power while the nuclear reactor operates at constant load. Because nuclear heat raises air temperatures above the auto-ignition temperatures of the hydrogen and powers the air compressor, the power output can be varied rapidly (compared with the capabilities of fossil-fired turbines) to meet spinning reserve requirements and stabilize the grid.

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