Investigation of Some Base Oil as Biodegradable Water-Cooling Two-Stroke Engine Oil

According to statistics, a large portion of used lubricants remain as potential hazards for the environment. Particularly, about 30 to 50% lubricant used in outboard marine engines is not burned completely and released into the water. As a result, consumers demand environmentally compatible lubricants due to concern about loss of mineral oil-based lubricants to the environment which can result in water contamination and pose a threat to animal and plant life. To prevent bioaccumulation of these materials in aquatic plants and animals, many agencies are considering regulations toward to biodegradable two-stroke outboard marine engines oil. Vegetable oils and ester oils are very suitable to develop “green lubricants”. Ester oils usually show excellent high temperature stability, low temperature fluidity, high viscosity index, very low volatility, good miscibility and biodegradability, but they are expensive and also produce many poisonous materials to environmental during produce process. Vegetable oils are biodegradable, nontoxic and renewable, moreover, their cost is reasonable compared to ester oils. Accordingly, vegetable oils are considered as potential candidates to replace conventional mineral oil-based lubricating oils, but the poor oxidative stability limits their utilization in large scale. Investigation of this work have found that proper percentage rapeseed oil can meet the requirements of biodegradable water-cooling two stroke engine oil, futhermore this two-cycle engine oil has good miscibility without need any miscibility-enhancing solvents. Research results indicate that two-cycle engine oil, which comprised rapeseed oil, ester oil and low viscosity hydrocracked oil as well as functional additives, exhibits good oxidative stability, easy biodegradability and good miscibility.

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Enhancement of Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Vegetable Oil Based Lubricant via Chemical Modification Techniques

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.695 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 813-814 ◽

pp. 695-699

Author(s):

S. Arumugam ◽

G. Sriram ◽

A. Hemanth Sai Kumar Chowdary ◽

Janga Subramanya Sai

Keyword(s):

Chemical Modification ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Thermo Gravimetric ◽

Transesterification Method ◽

Unique Chemical

The rising demand for environmentally acceptable lubricant has led researchers to look to vegetable oils as an alternative to petroleum based lubricants. Vegetable oils have radically distinctive properties owing to their unique chemical structure which have greater ability to lubricate and have higher biodegradability. In spite of advantages, they are limited to inadequate thermo-oxidative stability and poor low-temperature properties which hinder their utilization. In the present study in order to produce a bio lubricant with good thermo-oxidative stability, rapeseed oil was subjected to two different chemical modification techniques viz., epoxidation method and successive transesterification method. The thermo-oxidative stability of formulated oil was analysed using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). TGA analysis divulges that the thermo-oxidative stability of rapeseed oil was greatly improved with the epoxidation method in comparison with the successive transesterification method.

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Biodegradable Lubricant from Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.506 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 512-515 ◽

pp. 506-509

Author(s):

Quan Yi Wang ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Shun Yao ◽

Hang Song

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Ring Opening ◽

Pour Point ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Dioctyl Phthalate ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

Wide Range ◽

Biodegradable Lubricant

The chemical modified Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels (IPMVVD) oil as a biodegradable lubricant was described in the paper. IPMVVD oil was modified by epoxidation and reaction of ring opening to resolve poor oxidative stability and low-temperature fluidity when vegetable oils as lubricants directly. The effects of the parameters in the process were studied, and then the product was evaluated. The results showed that the modified IPMVVD oil had higher viscosity index and superior oxidative stability comparing with unmodified oil; its mixtures with Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) offered a wide range of kinematic viscosities and lower pour point (-22°C), displayed preferable low temperature performance.

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Determination of Mineral Oil-Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) in Vegetable Oils by Large Scale Off-Line SPE Combined with GC-FID

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1007/s11746-016-2936-0 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 215-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bingning Li ◽

Yanwen Wu ◽

Lingling Liu ◽

Jie Ouyang ◽

Jiajia Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Saturated Hydrocarbons

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Investigating the Potential of Vietnamese Tea Seed Oil (Camellia sinensis O.Kuntze) for the Enhancement of Oxidative Stability in Vegetable Oils

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.31817/vjas.2021.4.1.06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 955-964

Author(s):

Phan Thi Phuong Thao ◽

Tran Thi Thu Hang ◽

Pham Le Nguyet Anh ◽

Vu Hong Son

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stability ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Test Method ◽

Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽

Synthetic Antioxidants ◽

Total Oxidation ◽

Oven Test ◽

Tea Seed Oil

This study examined the effectiveness of different antioxidative compounds, namely 0.2% BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) + BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), 0.03% α – tocopherol, and 3% and 6% tea seed oil (TSO) on the oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Four commonly used oils, viz. rapeseed oil (RSO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower oil (SFO), and soybean oil (SBO), were assessed by the Schall Oven test method and monitored during the 12-day preservation period under 60°C. The total oxidation values (TOTOX) of the samples treated with 6% TSO were lower than those treated with 0.2% BHA+BHT. The results indicated the potential of TSO as a novel natural antioxidant for dietary vegetable oils. Our study also suggested that TSO could serve as an effective substitution for currently used synthetic antioxidants such as BHA and BHT.

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The Effects of the Addition of Vegetable Oil on the Viscosity of Used Marine Engine Oil Marinol RG 1240

New Trends in Production Engineering ◽

10.2478/ntpe-2018-0059 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 479-485

Author(s):

Małgorzata Malinowska

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Marine Engine ◽

Research Results ◽

Used Engine Oil ◽

Reduced Viscosity

Abstract The article presents conducted research on the effects of the additives of vegetable oil on the viscosity of used marine engine oil Marinol RG 1240. Specifically, it shows dependence between viscosity and temperature for: fresh mineral oil, used mineral oil and blends of oils. Research results were compared and assessed. The viscosity of all oil samples were measured using Vibro Viscometer SV-10, at range of temperatures 5°C-65°C. It is noted that most of the used engine oil samples increase value of viscosity compared to fresh oil. However, the addition of 10% rapeseed oil significantly reduced viscosity parameters for all studied temperatures.

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Effect of Duration of Dietary Rapeseed and Soybean Oil Feeding on Physical Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile, and Oxidative Stability of Pig Backfat

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani8110193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 193 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Monika Okrouhlá ◽

Roman Stupka ◽

Jaroslav Čítek ◽

Nicole Lebedová ◽

Kateřina Zadinová

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Acid Content ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Linoleic Acid Content ◽

The Other ◽

Linolenic Acid Content ◽

Feeding Duration ◽

Negative Effect

This study compared the effect of two vegetable oils and their feeding duration on pig backfat quality. The experiment was conducted with 60 DanBred pigs that were fed a diet supplemented (40 g/kg) with rapeseed or soybean oil for 2, 4 or 6 weeks before slaughter at 152 d of age. The supplementation of both vegetable oils in the diets for 6 weeks negatively changed backfat consistency. The pigs fed soybean oil for 4 (17.64%) and 6 weeks (18.52%) before slaughter showed an increase in backfat linoleic acid content (p = 0.002), whereas, in contrast to the other groups, rapeseed oil in the diet for 6 weeks (2.38%) increased α-linolenic acid content (p = 0.039). The content of PUFAs (p = 0.024) and n-6 PUFAs (p = 0.003) was increased by adding soybean oil to the diet for 4 and 6 weeks. The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs was decreased (p = 0.040) by supplementing rapeseed oil for 4 and 6 weeks. The oil feeding duration decreased (p < 0.001) the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. The lipid oxidative stability of backfat stored for 3 and 5 days increased (p < 0.001) in pigs fed dietary vegetable oils for 6 weeks prior to slaughter. In conclusion, the feeding of rapeseed oil for 4 weeks before slaughter is sufficient for improving the FA profile without negative effect on the consistency of the backfat.

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The Full or Partial Replacement of Commercial Marine Engine Oil with Bio Oil, on the Example of Linseed Oil

Journal of KONES ◽

10.2478/kones-2019-0066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 129-135

Author(s):

Małgorzata Malinowska

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Raw Material ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Viscosity Change ◽

Marine Engine ◽

Natural Oils ◽

Medium Speed

Abstract The bio-oils are considered to sustainable, alternative and environmentally friendly source of lubricants compared to commercial engine oils, on the base a mineral, synthetic or semi-synthetic. They are obtained from natural raw material (vegetable or animal oils), which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms and environment. The vegetable oils called green oils, natural oils, bio-oils or natural esters. They can be obtained from plant seeds, that may be consumed – edible oils (for instance: rapeseed oil) or which cannot be consumed – inedible (for example: linseed oil). The conducted research into linseed oil and its different quantity additives (25% and 50%) to commercial marine mineral oil intended for a medium-speed 4-stroke, trunk marine engine (i.e. Marinol RG 1240). The flash point and dependence of viscosity and temperature were compared and assess. It has been proven that vegetable oils have a high ignition temperature and very small viscosity change in the range of temperatures presented, i.e. high viscosity index. According to the results, it can be recommended the addition of 25% linseed oil in the base lubricant is the relevant for lubricating a medium speed 4-stroke marine engine. The vegetable additives can improve a viscosity index a lube oil, and they will be positively affected environmental protection.

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Friction and wear response of vegetable oils and their blends with mineral engine oil in a reciprocating sliding contact at severe contact conditions

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J Journal of Engineering Tribology ◽

10.1177/1350650117712344 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 232 (3) ◽

pp. 244-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Adli Bahari ◽

Roger Lewis ◽

Tom Slatter

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Tribological Performance ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Wear Performance ◽

Friction Performance

Although many studies investigating the tribological performance of pure vegetable oils have been conducted, a better understanding of vegetable oil tribological performance at extreme conditions is still needed. Similarly, little work has been carried out to study the influence of the vegetable oils on the performance of a lubricant formed from a blend of vegetable oil and conventional mineral engine oil. This work presents the tribological performance of vegetable oils, and their blends with mineral oil, in a high temperature and contact pressure reciprocating contact. Palm- and soybean-based vegetable oils were mixed with a commercial mineral engine oil at a 1:1 ratio by volume. The conventional mineral oil was also tested to provide a benchmark. The pure palm oil exhibited lower friction than soybean oil, but for the wear performance, this was reversed. The friction performance of the palm oil was competitive to that of the mineral engine oil. The mineral engine oil was far superior in wear resistance over both vegetable oils. When blended with mineral engine oil, both vegetable oils demonstrated a reduction in coefficient of friction when compared to their pure oil states. An improvement in the wear performance was observed for both a blend of palm oil and mineral engine oil (25% improvement) and that of soybean and mineral engine oil (27% improvement). This work shows that for palm oil and soybean oil, the performance of a blended oil is influenced by its vegetable oil component and that tribological characteristics of vegetable oils are dominant. That said, the significant limitation of these vegetable oils is their ability to provide a satisfactory level of wear resistance. It is suggested that any future work in this area should have a greater emphasis on the enhancement of wear resistance.

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The Multiple Criteria Assessment on the selected vegetable oils for the lubricating engine

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/202135101023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 351 ◽

pp. 01023

Author(s):

Małgorzata Malinowska ◽

Łukasz Muślewski

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oils ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Viscosity Index ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Smoke Point ◽

Acid Number ◽

Multiple Criteria ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Wear Scar Diameter ◽

Corrosion Properties

Vegetable oils are considered to be an alternative and environmentally friendly resource of lubricants. Suitable for almost all industrial applications. They are obtained from natural raw materials, which are renewable and non-toxic to humans, living organisms, and the environment. Chemically, green oils are triacylglycerols with varying fatty acids compositions depending on the plant or seed, the crop, the growing conditions and the season, etc. The conducted research concerning matching the proper of type of vegetable oil to lubrication of the engine. The main objectives of engine oil have been drawn to the attention. To project of assessment has selected four roles of engine oil: lubrication, cooling, corrosion protection, and others (including oxidative stability, ash content, saponification value, and foam property). Each objective is described by a couple of detailed parameters of lubricants (for example viscosity index, coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter, pour point, cloud point, melting point, smoke point, flash point, iodine value, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, density, water content, acid number, anti-corrosion properties, etc.). In the evaluation process, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) methods were used to determine the weights of individual criteria. Everything creates multiple criteria assessment of green oil. As a result of the multi-criteria assessment, most high scores have soybean oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, and olive.

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