Analysis and Design of the IBM Power 575 Supercomputing Node Cold Plate Assembly

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi A. Campbell ◽  
Michael J. Ellsworth ◽  
Arvind K. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
System Level ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Copper Tubing ◽  
In Series ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Cold Plates ◽  
Processor Module ◽  
Plate Assembly

IBM returned to indirect (cold plate) water cooling in 2008 with the introduction of the Power 575 Supercomputing Node [1]. The node, packaged in a super-dense 2U (88.9 mm) form factor, contains 16 dual core processor modules. An assembly of 16 cold plates was developed to cool the processors. The assembly consists of the cold plates (one cold plate for each processor module), copper tubing that connects 4 groups of 4 cold plates in series, copper tubing that connects each grouping of 4 cold plates, or quadrant, to a common set of supply and return headers, and two flexible EPDM hoses that connect the headers to system level manifolds in the rack housing the nodes (a rack can contain up to 14 nodes). Non-spill poppeted quick connects are used to connect the cold plate assembly to the system level manifolds. In addition to a detailed description of the cold plate assembly, an overview will be given of the analysis and design that went into its development. Conjugate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was done on the cold plate and processor module combination. CFD modeling was done on the headers to verify proper flow balancing. Finally, mechanical finite element analyses were performed to determine the cold plate tube routing necessary to minimize reactionary forces the tubes placed on the cold plates under land grid array loading of the module to the board.

Simplified Network Based Modeling of Cold Plate in a CFD Environment

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debabrata Pal ◽  
Mark Severson
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Thermal Model ◽  
System Level ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electronics Assembly ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Model Size ◽  
Cold Plates ◽  
Convective Resistance

Thermal management of high power electronics for aerospace applications frequently utilizes liquid or air-cooled cold plates with embedded fin cores. These commonly used cold plates use fin assemblies with small flow passages and large area enhancements to achieve high levels of heat transfer performance. The design of this type of cold plate is well documented in the literature, with the most common methodology utilizing “f” and “j” test data as a function of Reynolds Number. This paper presents a technique termed “network modeling” that simplifies the modeling of cold plate features within a CFD model. This technique greatly reduces model size and CPU time needed for solutions. In addition, it is inherently accurate because it allows test data to be incorporated into the model. Simplification of the performance of coldplate features within a system level CFD thermal model is a great advantage, as modeling these small coldplate features is a tedious task and often unnecessary. The methodology presented uses a convective resistance network with mass flow links and convective links to describe the overall thermal behavior of the coldplate. This simplified network model can be used within a detailed thermal model of the electronics assembly to provide an accurate simplification of the coldplate performance for temperature and heat flow prediction. Since the network technique simplifies the flow boundary conditions, the detailed thermal model can contain as much internal details of an electronics assembly as desired, while still keeping the overall model size manageable and CPU times minimal. This network-based method of modeling coldplate should be very accurate because it is based upon established test data of “f” and “j” as the basis of the model. This network method has significant advantages over the other methods of heat exchanger simplification such as coarse mesh, effective thermal conductivity, source-sink, etc. This paper describes the creation of such a network, integration in an ICEPAK thermal model, discussion of the advantages, and results.

Two-Phase Liquid Cooling for Thermal Management of IGBT Power Electronic Module

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Patrick McCluskey ◽  
Avram Bar-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Power Electronics ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
System Level ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cold Plates

Recent trends including rapid increases in the power ratings and continued miniaturization of semiconductor devices have pushed the heat dissipation of power electronics well beyond the range of conventional thermal management solutions, making control of device temperature a critical issue in the thermal packaging of power electronics. Although evaporative cooling is capable of removing very high heat fluxes, two-phase cold plates have received little attention for cooling power electronics modules. In this work, device-level analytical modeling and system-level thermal simulation are used to examine and compare single-phase and two-phase cold plates for a specified inverter module, consisting of 12 pairs of silicon insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices and diodes. For the conditions studied, an R134a-cooled, two-phase cold plate is found to substantially reduce the maximum IGBT temperature and spatial temperature variation, as well as reduce the pumping power and flow rate, in comparison to a conventional single-phase water-cooled cold plate. These results suggest that two-phase cold plates can be used to substantially improve the performance, reliability, and conversion efficiency of power electronics systems.

Recovery boiler sootblowers: History and technological advances

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
HONGHI TRAN ◽  
DANNY TANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Recovery Boilers ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Recovery Boiler ◽  
Steam Parameters ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Deposit Removal

Sootblowing technology used in recovery boilers originated from that used in coal-fired boilers. It started with manual cleaning with hand lancing and hand blowing, and evolved slowly into online sootblowing using retractable sootblowers. Since 1991, intensive research and development has focused on sootblowing jet fundamentals and deposit removal in recovery boilers. The results have provided much insight into sootblower jet hydrodynamics, how a sootblower jet interacts with tubes and deposits, and factors influencing its deposit removal efficiency, and have led to two important innovations: fully-expanded sootblower nozzles that are used in virtually all recovery boilers today, and the low pressure sootblowing technology that has been implemented in several new recovery boilers. The availability of powerful computing systems, superfast microprocessors and data acquisition systems, and versatile computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling capability in the past two decades has also contributed greatly to the advancement of sootblowing technology. High quality infrared inspection cameras have enabled mills to inspect the deposit buildup conditions in the boiler during operation, and helped identify problems with sootblower lance swinging and superheater platens and boiler bank tube vibrations. As the recovery boiler firing capacity and steam parameters have increased markedly in recent years, sootblowers have become larger and longer, and this can present a challenge in terms of both sootblower design and operation.

scholarly journals Computational Investigation of Inclusion Removal in the Steel-Refining Ladle Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1048
Author(s):  
Xipeng Guo ◽  
Joel Godinez ◽  
Nicholas J. Walla ◽  
Armin K. Silaen ◽  
Helmut Oltmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Porous Plug ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Computational Investigation ◽  
Inclusion Removal ◽  
Inclusion Interaction ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Steel Refining ◽  
Transient Multiphase Flow

In a steel-refining ladle, the properties of manufactured steel can be notably degraded due to the presence of excessive inclusions. Stirring via gas injection through a porous plug is often used as part of the steel-refining process to reduce these inclusions. In this paper, 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to analyze transient multiphase flow and inclusion removal in a gas-stirred ladle. The effects of gas stirring with bubble-inclusion interaction are analyzed using the Euler–Euler approach for multiphase flow modeling, while the effects of inclusions aggregation and removal are modeled via a population balance model (PBM).

Study on Copper Cold Plate Designs for Electronics Liquid Cooling System

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi. Feng ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
C. Y. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Cold Plate ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Cold Plates ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Liquid Cooling System

The increasing power consumption of microelectronic systems and the dense layout of semiconductor components leave very limited design spaces with tight constraints for the thermal solution. Conventional thermal management approaches, such as extrusion, fold-fin, and heat pipe heat sinks, are somehow reaching their performance limits, due to the geometry constraints. Currently, more studies have been carried out on the liquid cooling technologies, as the flexible tubing connection of liquid cooling system makes both the accommodation in constrained design space and the simultaneous cooling of multi heating sources feasible. To significantly improve the thermal performance of a liquid cooling system, heat exchangers with more liquid-side heat transfer area with acceptable flow pressure drop are expected. This paper focuses on the performance of seven designs of source heat exchanger (cold plate). The presented cold plates are all made in pure copper material using wire cutting, soldering, brazing, or sintering process. Enhanced heat transfer surfaces such as micro channel and cooper mesh are investigated. Detailed experiments have been conducted to understand the performance of these seven cooper cold plates. The same radiators, fan, and water pump were connected with each cooper cold plate to investigate the overall thermal performance of liquid cooling system. Water temperature readings at the inlets and outlets of radiators, pump, and colder plate have been taken to interpret the thermal resistance distribution along the cooling loop.

Modeling Approaches to Accurately Predict Minimum Fluidization Characteristics of Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhip Krishnan Kanholy ◽  
Francine Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Fluidized Beds ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Particle Interactions ◽  
Dead Zones ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
Minimum Fluidization ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Eulerian Modeling

The hydrodynamics of fluidized beds involving gas and particle interactions are very complex and must be carefully considered when using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Modeling particle interactions are even more challenging for binary mixtures composed of varying particle characteristics such as diameter or density. One issue is the presence of dead-zones, regions of particles that do not fluidize and accumulate at the bottom, affecting uniform fluidization. In Eulerian-Eulerian modeling, the solid phase is assumed to behave like a fluid and the presence of dead zones are not typically captured in a simulation. Instead, the entire bed mass present in an experiment is modeled, which assumes full fluidization. The paper will present modeling approaches that account for only the fluidizing mass by adjusting the initial mass present in the bed using pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity from experiments. In order to demonstrate the fidelity of the new modeling approach, different bed materials are examined. Binary mixture models are also validated for two types of mixtures consisting of glass-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic compositions. It will be shown that adjusting the mass in the modeling of fluidized beds best represents the measured quantities of an experiment for both single-phase and binary mixtures.

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