Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Development in China

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqing Yuan ◽  
Guoqiang Wu ◽  
Xiangyan He ◽  
Yanda Song ◽  
Xuewen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Variable Ratio ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Electric Cars

Despite great progress recently made on applications of in-wheel motors in electric vehicles, almost all production or near-production electric vehicles still utilize mechanical speed reduction systems for transferring torque from the traction motor to wheels for the purposes of torque augmentation and speed reduction. These systems in general fall into three categories, i.e. fixed ratio, stepped variable ratio, or continuously variable ratio. In China, most electric cars retrofitted from internal combustion engine propelled vehicle models use gear reduction systems of a fixed speed ratio, in order to minimize the time to market. Typically a conversion is made to the original 5-speed manual transmission by taking out a few unused gear sets. With the rapid growth in electric vehicle industry, some gearboxes of fixed speed have been engineered and they typically have a layshaft configuration. Most of them still do not come with a “park” gear due to a lack of understanding on customer’s needs. As an exception, a transmission of fixed speed ratio dedicated for electric vehicle applications has been developed at the Electric Vehicle R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS). Among electric vehicles announced by domestic vehicle manufacturers in China, some employ 5-speed manual transmissions (MTs) or automatic transmission (ATs) that typically found in traditional vehicles. From the driving convenience, transmission efficiency, or cost standpoints, these transmissions are, in general, not appropriate for applications in electric vehicles. The “misusage” of these transmissions has often something to do with their availability rather than suitability. A great deal of effort has been put into the research and development of automated mechanical transmissions (AMTs) in China to date. Significant progress has been made to the reduction of shift time, improvement of shift quality, and optimization of the mechanical components. Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is considered to be an important trend in drivetrain technology. However, the pulley-belt types of CVT commonly seen in traditional vehicles are not proper for electric vehicle applications. An EVT dedicated for electric vehicles is under development at UCAS, in which the power from an electric motor of dual-rotors is coupled by means of a planetary gear set, allowing continuous variable of the output speed. In summary, the electric vehicle drivetrain technology in China is undergoing rapid advances, which will impact the development of electric vehicle industry at home and abroad.

scholarly journals Advancements in Battery Technologies of Electric Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
V.K Bupesh Raja ◽  
Ignatius Raja ◽  
Rahul Kavvampally
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Battery Technology ◽  
Compact Design

Abstract The Automotive Industry has undergone a huge revolution – Electric Vehicles! Electric cars are growing fast and the demand for them is increasing all around the world, thanks to the more and improved choice, reduced prices, and enhancing battery technology. Introduced more than 100 years ago, electric vehicles have gone through a tremendous amount of advancement. This paper reviews the current major challenges faced by the Electric Vehicle Industry along with possible solutions to overcome them. Although electric vehicles have come a long way, the battery used in the vehicles needs to be further explored to harness maximum energy with a compact design. Electric vehicles should soon be able to compete with combustion engine vehicles in every aspect. Also, this paper reviews alternative materials for electrodes and batteries to make charging faster and reliable than ever. This paper envisages few concepts that could revolutionize Automobile Industry further in the future.

scholarly journals Objective Rating of the Launch Behavior of Conventional, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dorsch ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Dual Clutch Transmission ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Objective Rating ◽  
Dynamic Quality

AbstractThe calibration of conventional, hybrid and electric drivetrains is an important process during the development phase of any vehicle. Therefore, to optimize the comfort and dynamic behavior (known as driveability), many test drives are performed by experienced drivers during different driving maneuvers, e.g., launch, re-launch or gear shift. However, the process can be kept more consistent and independent of human-based deviations by using objective ratings. This study first introduces an objective rating system developed for the launch behavior of conventional vehicles with automatic transmission, dual-clutch transmission, and alternative drivetrains. Then, the launch behavior, namely comfort and dynamic quality, is compared between two conventional vehicles, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and a battery electric vehicle. Results show the benefits of pure electric drivetrains due to the lack of launch and shifting elements, as well as the usage of a highly dynamic electric motor. While the plug-in hybrid achieves a 10% higher overall rating compared to the baseline conventional vehicle, the pure electric vehicle even achieves a 21% higher overall rating. The results also highlight the optimization potential of battery electric vehicles regarding their comfort and dynamic characteristics. The transitions and the gradient of the acceleration build-up have a major influence on the launch quality.

scholarly journals Recent progress in battery electric vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 003685042110052
Author(s):  
Xia Hua ◽  
Alan Thomas ◽  
Kurt Shultis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Noise ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Transfer Case ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
Noise Vibration

As battery electric vehicle (BEV) market share grows so must our understanding of the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) phenomenon found inside the BEVs which makes this technological revolution possible. Similar to the conventional vehicle having encountered numerous NVH issues until today, BEV has to face many new and tough NVH issues. For example, conventional vehicles are powered by the internal combustion engine (ICE) which is the dominant noise source. The noises from other sources were generally masked by the combustion engine, thus the research focus was on the reduction of combustion engine while less attention was paid to noises from other sources. A BEV does not have ICE, automatic transmission, transfer case, fuel tank, air intake, or exhaust systems. In their place, there is more than enough space to accommodate the electric drive unit and battery pack. BEV is quieter without a combustion engine, however, the research on vehicle NVH is even more significant since the elimination of the combustion engine would expose many noise behaviors of BEV that were previously ignored but would now seem clearly audible and annoying. Researches have recently been conducted on the NVH of BEV mainly emphasis on the reduction of noise induced by powertrain, tire, wind and ancillary system and the improvement of sound quality. This review paper will focus on recent progress in BEV NVH research to advance the BEV systems in the future. It is a review for theoretical, computational, and experimental work conducted by both academia and industry in the past few years.

A Methodological Approach for Supporting the Thermal Design of Li-Ion Battery for Customized Electric Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Landi ◽  
Paolo Cicconi ◽  
Michele Germani
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Li Ion

An important issue in the mechanical industry is the reduction of the time to market, in order to meet quickly the customer needs. This goal is very important for SMEs that produce small lots of customized products. In the context of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, vehicles powered by electric motors seem to be the most suitable alternative to the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The market of customized electric vehicles is a niche market suitable for SMEs. Nowadays, the energy storage system of an electric vehicle powertrain consists of several Li-ion cells arranged in a container called battery pack. Particularly, the battery unit is considered as the most critical component in electric vehicle, because it impacts on performance and life cycle cost. Currently, the design of a battery pack mostly depends on the related market size. A longer design time is expected in the case of a large scale production. While a small customized production requires more agility and velocity in the design process. The proposed research focuses on a design methodology to support the designer in the evaluation of the battery thermal behavior. This work has been applied in the context of a customized small production. As test case, an urban electric light commercial vehicle has been analyzed. The designed battery layout has been evaluated and simulated using virtual prototyping tools. A cooling configuration has been analyzed and then prototyped in a physical vehicle. The virtual thermal behavior of a Li-ion battery has been validated at the test bench. The real operational conditions have been analyzed reproducing several ECE-15 driving cycles and many acceleration runs at different load values. Thermocouples have measured the temperature values during the physical experiments, in order to validate the analytical thermal profile evaluated with the proposed design approach.

SIMULATION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE BASED ON A SERIES DRIVE TRAIN LAYOUT

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Sabirin Rahmat ◽  
Fauzi Ahmad ◽  
Ahmad Kamal Mat Yamin ◽  
Noreffendy Tamaldin ◽  
Vimal Rau Aparow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Power Train ◽  
Human In The Loop ◽  
Hybrid Electric

This paper provided a validated modeling and a simulation of a 6 degree freedom vehicle longitudinal model and drive-train component in a series hybrid electric vehicle. The 6-DOF vehicle dynamics model consisted of tire subsystems, permanent magnet synchronous motor which acted as the prime mover coupled with an automatic transmission, hydraulic brake subsystem, battery subsystem, alternator subsystem and internal combustion engine to supply the rotational input to the alternator. A speed and torque tracking control systems of the electric power train were developed to make sure that the power train was able to produce the desired throttle torque in accelerating the vehicle. A human-in-the-loop-simulation was utilized as a mechanism to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid electric vehicle. The proposed simulation was used as the preliminary result in identifying the capability of the vehicle in terms of the maximum speed produced by the vehicle and the capability of the alternator to recharge the battery. Several tests had been done during the simulation, namely sudden acceleration, acceleration and braking test and unbounded motion. The results of the simulation showed that the proposed hybrid electric vehicle can produce a speed of up to 70 km/h with a reasonable charging rate to the battery. The findings from this study can be considered in terms of design, optimization and implementation in a real vehicle.

The impact of global trends on the electric vehicle market in Russia: Challenges, opportunities and directions of development

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-939
Author(s):  
Tat'yana S. REMIZOVA ◽  
Dmitrii B. KOSHELEV
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Vehicle Development ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The article reviews various transport electrification scenarios, which would help reduce the CO2 emissions and environmental threats. The environmental and economic security can also be affected if the State insufficiently understands the importance of electric vehicle development, their popularization. It is also crucial to encourage the consumption, develop the infrastructure, innovative projects, which reshape the power engineering structure. Objectives. We determine how global trends influence the production and integration of electric vehicles in Russia. We also evaluate the environmental and cost effectiveness of morot vehicle electrification, opportunities and trajectories for the electric vehicle development nationwide. Methods. The study involves methods used to summarize regulatory, empirical and theoretical data, and general and partial scientific methods and techniques, such as abstraction, analysis, analogy, etc. Results. The article shows the extent of electric transport development worldwide, and focuses on environmental issues and opportunities to reduce the carbon footprint by using electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. We point out opportunities, threats, prospects and disadvantages of the electric vehicle use in Russia. The article indicates how the use of electric cars can be developed in Russia, considering changes in the production structure and the generation of positive effects as much as possible. Conclusions. Currently, Russia evidently lags behind the global production and use of electric cars, without having a priority of the carbon footprint reduction. The strategy for the car segment advancement is underdeveloped. Suggested herein, the ideas for the electric car segment development are aimed to encourage the consumption, production, advancement of infrastructure and innovative projects, and ensure the environmental security of the country.

scholarly journals Main Drivers of Battery Industry Changes: Electric Vehicles—A Market Overview

Batteries ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Pelegov ◽  
José Pontes
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Research Society ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Simple Estimation ◽  
Electric Vehicle Adoption ◽  
Battery Industry

The growing popularity of electric vehicles is one of the main drivers of battery industry transformation. Words like “transport system decarbonization”, “electromobility”, and “environmental-friendly society” are very popular today, but questions remain as to how to measure electric vehicles’ adoption progress and how this transition changes the battery industry. This perspective paper provides a review of the electric cars and buses market, estimates the production volumes of some other electric vehicle types, and discusses the role of traction batteries in the global battery market. A simple estimation of the sales rate allows us to evaluate the prospects of electric vehicle adoption in leading countries. Finally, the application of the main battery chemistries is reviewed and topical issues to the research society are addressed and formulated.

Electric Vehicle Forecasting for China from 2011 to 2050 Based on Scenario Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 128-129 ◽  
pp. 846-849
Author(s):  
Shi Jun Fu ◽  
Yu Long Ren
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Industry

With climate change being growing concerns, the development of EV (Electric Vehicles) has taken on an accelerated pace. This paper is to forecast China’s EV stock from 2011 to 2050 based on the double species growth model. We elaborate two orbits according to two scenarios: with vehicle stock being 200 and 300 per thousand people at 2050. These orbits reveals that, China’s EVs development has a golden stage which will last 10 to 11 years; And before this booming stage, there is a slowly growth period which will last 7 to 8 years. Furthermore, under each scenario, the difference between EVs and ICEVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) stock at 2030 is 4.69% to 6.77%, which confirms that China’s ambitious EVs program may be realized if government sets strong policy supports on this new industry persistently.

scholarly journals Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (03) ◽  
pp. S08-S15
Author(s):  
Guoming G. Zhu ◽  
Chengsheng Miao
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.

Forecasting the Ecology Effects of Electric Cars Deployment in Krasnodar Region: Learning Curves Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana RATNER ◽  
Marina ZARETSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Krasnodar Region

One of the most urgent problems of modern urban agglomerations is the optimization of the structure and technological maintenance of transport systems. As one of the options to solve this problem, the development of electric vehicles (EV) is usually suggested. But the scientific community has still not developed a clear understanding of whether electric vehicles are a better alternative to traditional cars, considering all environmental indicators. The aim of this work is to develop a method of forecasting the environmental effects of diffusion of EV technologies and test it on the example of the Krasnodar region of Russia as a region with the highest motorization ratios in the country, a complicated ecologic situation in large cities, a high population density and a modern structure for energy generation.  The technical progress in energy efficiency of each technology is taken into consideration. We use learning theory as a methodological framework, which is common for solution of problems of forecasting technological development. According to the calculations, the total emissions from private motor vehicles, with an increase in energy efficiency of vehicles with internal combustion engine and increase penetration of electric vehicles should decrease in 2025 by 15% comparing business-as-usual scenario, despite a significant increase in the level of motorization (almost 65%). Thus, a wide spread of EV technologies is preferable from an environmental point of view. The proposed approach to predict the environmental effects of diffusion of EV technologies allows us to estimate the reduction in emissions from road transport in any region while maintaining the direction and speed of the following key trends: the growth of energy efficiency and environmental performance of traditional cars with combustion engines, the growth of the level of motorization of the population in Russia, and reduction of EVs costs. Additional effects of stimulating (or de-stimulating) policies are not considered in this model.

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